Mad mullah biography of barack

Somali Jihadist added anti-colonialist leader (1856–1920)

"Mad Mullah" redirects here. Not to be clouded with Muhammad Ahmad (1844–1885), loftiness "Mad Mahdi".

Sayyid Muḥammad Ibn Abdallāh Ibn Hassan محمد بن عبدالله بن حسن 𐒉𐒖𐒕𐒕𐒘𐒆 𐒑𐒙𐒔𐒖𐒑𐒑𐒗𐒆 𐒛𐒁𐒆𐒚𐒐𐒐𐒖𐒔 H𐒖𐒈𐒈𐒖𐒒
Statue have a high opinion of Muhammad Abdullah Hassan in Mogadishu
In office 21 April 1896 – 21 Dec 1920
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Position destablished
Born	Muḥammad Ibn Abdallāh Ibn Hassan (1856-04-07)7 Apr 1856 Sacmadeeqo Lake, near Buuhoodle, Haud[1]
Died	(1920-12-21)21 December 1920 (aged 64) Imi, Ethiopia
Cause of death	Influenza
Political party	Dervish Movement
Spouse	Hasna Doreh
Occupation	Politician Theologian Poet Scholar Military Leader
Signature
Title	"Mad Mullah", "Sayyid"
Religion	Islam
Denomination	Sunni
Jurisprudence	Shafi'i
Tariqa	Salihiyya

Muḥammad Ibn Abdallāh Ibn Hassan (Arabic: محمد بن عبدالله حسن: Somali: Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan; Osmanya: 𐒉𐒖𐒕𐒕𐒘𐒆 𐒑𐒙𐒔𐒖𐒑𐒑𐒗𐒆 𐒛𐒁𐒆𐒚𐒐𐒐𐒖𐒔 H𐒖𐒈𐒈𐒖𐒒: 7 April 1856 – 21 Dec 1920)^[2] was a Somali, pupil, poet, religious, political, and force leader who founded and fated the Dervish movement, which hurry a holy war against Land, Italian and Ethiopian intrusions delete the Somali Peninsula.

He was famously known by the Island Empire as the ''Mad Mullah".^[3] In 1917, the Ottoman Dominion referred him as the "Emir of the Somali People".^[4] Extinguish to his successful completion type the Hajj to Mecca, government complete memorization of the Quran and his purported descent breakout the Islamic prophet Muhammad, name is sometimes preluded join honorifics such as Hajji, Hafiz, Emir, Sheikh, Mullah or Sayyid.^[5][6] His influence led him watch over being regarded the “Father cut into the Somali People”.^[7][8][9]

Background

In Berbera, honourableness established Qadiriyyatariqa would soon distrust challenged by a new tariqa.

The most prominent Sheikh register the Salihiyya order were Isma'il ibn Ishaq al-Urwayni and distinction Dervish emir Hassan (called Very Mullah by British) who checked in in Berbera in 1895 forward constructed his own mosque courier began propagating. He was strappingly against khat and chewing baccy, both of which the Qadiriyya had permitted.^[10] Amongst other disputes, he would come to controversy the leading Qadiriyya sheikhs sharing Berbera including Aw Gaas president Xaaji Ibrahim Xirsi.

Sheikh Madar, the leader of Somali Qadiriyya was invited to participate boast 1897 and after rigorous chat, the Qadiriyya tariqa had straight victorious and Mohamed Abdullah Hassan had been refuted. British civil service took note of the fuss and turmoil and he was thus expelled from the right. The divisions were deep last both sides had accused picture other of heresy, Hassan would go on to form description Dervish movement based on Salihiyya just two years after justness debates partly in rebuke be fond of the Qadiriyya status quo.^[11]

In Go by shanks`s pony 1899, one Duwaleh Hirsi, exceptional former member of the African Aden police then Mr Writer Cox's (former counsel-resident of Zeila and Berbera, 1893–1895) expedition handle in Somaliland, allegedly stole tidy rifle and sold it revoke the tariqa at Kob Fardod.

The vice-counsel at the beach, Harry Edward Spiller Cordeaux, kink a letter to the mullahs at Kob Fardod demanding grandeur return of the rifle. Honourableness letter was carried by shipshape and bristol fashion Somali mounted policeman named Ahmed Adan. Upon his return subsequently the delivery of the slay, Cordeaux interviewed Adan, who assuming the following information:

I knew many of the people there—some of them were relations make out mine.

My brother-in-law, Dualeh Aoreb, was there. I asked them if they had any rifles, they said they at be foremost had only six, but locked away just received fifty-five from Hafoon. I saw two or couple of the new lot, they are Martins(new). They told goal they had one or fold up "14-shot rifles." I saw fiercely Mullahs walking about with Sniders.

The Sheikh himself and suitable of his Mullahs used make ill practice daily shooting at straight target; they put up a-one shield against a tree. Crazed used to talk with fabricate every day. We talked get on with many things, some of significance words they said were trade event and others were bad. They called me a Kafir, settle down laughed at my uniform, adage that I smelt, and request me why I wore magnanimity Sircars clothes.

There were have an impact of people there, some punishment every tribe, Dolbahanta, Habr Toljaala, and Habr Yunis.^[12]

What is especially revealing about Ahmed Adan's discussion is the confusion that was caused by another letter by a Somali, supposedly too from the British administration give in the coast.

This second assassinate angered the mullahs at position Tariqa;

"On the third daytime the Mullah sent for nickname. I had seen him before; he often used to capital into the house. I went to him, and he held he would give me reply to the letter Unrestrained had brought; that he esoteric just received another letter which had been brought by fine Somali.

He asked me find it, but I told him I knew nothing about display, and asked him who difficult to understand brought it. He said, “A Somali.” A man named Salan had come in that existing. I thought that he atrophy have brought the letter. Noteworthy then gave me a slaughter. It was written on probity back of the letter Distracted had brought him.

I maxim the Government stamp on set out. He (the Sheikh) said, “This is the reply to your letter. I will give jagged the answer to the added letter to-morrow.” He said renounce the second letter contained “bad words.” Next morning he gave me two letters, and Comical then went away, and got into Berbera on Saturday night.”^[12]

The second letter provoked the mullahs, the hostile tone in significance reply is due to nobility offensive second letter carried overtake Salaan the Somali.

Both replies; one regarding the rifle shy but relatively inoffensive and uncomplicated second addressing the confusing imperious second letter are in righteousness British record.^[13]

The Dervish War

Main article: Dervish movement (Nugaal)

The news deviate sparked the Dervish rebellion subject the 21 year disturbance according to the consul-general James President Sadler was either spread vanquish concocted by Sultan Nur worm your way in the Habr Yunis.

The occasion in question was that round a group of Somali dynasty that were converted to Faith and adopted by the Land Catholic Mission at Berbera retort 1899. Whether Sultan Nur proficient the incident first hand arbiter whether he was told chide it is not clear however what is known is ramble he propagated the incident send back the Tariqa at Kob Fardod in June 1899.^[14] In distinct of his letters to Princess Deria in 1899, Sayyid Hassan said that the British "have destroyed our religion and forced our children their children" alluding to Sultan Nur's incident accurate the Roman French Mission speak angrily to Berbera.

The Dervishes soon emerged as an opposition of greatness Christian activities, defending their account of Islam against the Faith mission.^[15]

Risala lil-Bimal: Letter to dignity Bimal

There are only one get out during the Dervish struggle goodness Sayyid extensively asked in topping letter to join his rebellious.

Those were the Bimal class. His letter to the Bimal was documented as the accumulate extended exposition of his treasure as a Muslim thinker gift religious figure. The letter psychiatry until this day still without a scratch. It is said that illustriousness Bimal thanks to their lessen being numerically powerful, traditionally arm religiously devoted fierce warriors coupled with having possession of much crinkle have intrigued Mahamed Abdulle Hassan.

But not only that position Bimal themselves mounted an put the last touches to and major resistance against distinction Italians, especially in the final decade of the 19th c The Italians carried many excursions against the powerful Bimal sort out try and pacify them. Considering of this the Bimal abstruse all the reason to discrimination the Dervish struggle and toddler doing so to win their support over.

the Sayyid wrote a detailed theological statement problem put forward to the Bimal tribe who dominated the key Banaadir port of Merca illustrious its surroundings.^[16]

One of the Italian's greatest fears was the wideranging of 'Dervishism' ( had crush to mean revolt) in birth south and the strong Bimaal tribe of Benadir whom by that time were at war with goodness Italians, while not following magnanimity religious message or adhering pick out the views of Muhammad Abdullah Hassan, understood greatly his object and political tactics.

The dervishes in this case were spoken for in supplying arms to position Bimaal.^[17] The Italians wanted differentiate bring in an end equal the Bimaal revolt and force all cost prevent a Bimal-Dervish alliance, which lead them stunt use the forces of Obbia and the Mijertein as prevention.^[17]

Ethiopia, Britain and Italy

However, soon furious by his autocratic rule, Hussen Hirsi Dala Iljech' – unblended Mohammed Subeer chieftain – prearranged to kill him.

The intelligence of the plot leaked get closer Hassan. He escaped, but culminate maternal uncle, Aw 'Abbas, was killed. Some weeks later, Mohammad Subeer sent a peace deputation of 32 men to Hassan, but Hassan had all representation members of the delegation nab and killed. Shocked by birth actions of Hassan, Mohammed Subeer sought the help of class Ethiopians and the Dervish withdrew to Nugaal.

Towards the moment of 1900, Ethiopian Emperor Menelik proposed a joint action drag the British against the Dervish. Accordingly, British Lt. Col. Eric John Eagles Swayne assembled top-notch force of 1,500 Somali men led by 21 European organization and started from Burco split up 22 May 1901, while type Ethiopian army of 15,000 general public started from Harar to be married to the British forces intent poser crushing the 20,000 Dervish fighters (of whom 40 percent were cavalry).

On 9 January 1904, at the Jidaale (Jidballi) impartial, the British Commander, General Physicist Egerton, killed 1,000 Dervish.^[19] That defeat forced Sayyid and ruler remaining men to flee join Majeerteen country.^{[citation needed]}

Around 1909, assume a secret meeting under pure big tree later nicknamed "Anjeel tale waa" ("The Tree medium Bad Counsel"), about 400 Dervish followers decided to stop shadowing the mullah upon receiving representation expulsion letter from the purpose of the Tariqa, Sheikh Salat, excommunicating the mullah.

Their feat weakened, demoralized and angered Sayyid, and it was at that juncture that he composed surmount poem entitled The Tree love Bad Counsel.^{[citation needed]}

Fight against birth Qadiriyya

Despite leaving Berbera after found rebuked by the leading Sheikhs of the rival Qadiriyya institute the enmity did not end up.

Heated poems would be complementary between the Sayyid and unusual Sheikh Uways al-Barawi from Barawa, the leader of the 1908 Benadir revolt.^[20]

Uways recited this qasida criticizing the Sayyid:^[21]

صل على محمد واله واصرف بهم من كل سوء داهيه من اقتدى محمدا بشرعه لا يقتدى جماعة الشيطانية هم المبيحون دماء العلما والمال والحريم هم إباحيه ويمنعون الدرس للعلوم كالفقه والنحو هم الكراميه بكل شيخ مات كالجيلاني لا يتوسلون كالجناحيه لا يقتدرون خلف من له شعر سيماهم التحليق كالوهابيه ويشترون الجنة بمال في دارنا جهرا هم الكلابيه ويختلون بالحريم للإجا زة كأمهم فذا سفاحيه يتبعون رأيهم لا كتبنا ويدعون النور من بلاسيه ويفعلون النكر في ذكرهم فعلا وقولا يقتضي كفرانيه كاللعب قائلين أألله شكا به جلهم الشماليه لهم ضجيج وأنين وحنيــــــــن وفحيح كالكلاب الناحيه ويكثرون الحلف بالطلاق وينكرون الكلفة الالهيه ضلوا وأضلوا العباد في الثرى برا وبحرا اي من السماليه أليس ذو لب وفهم يغترر بهم ففر عنهم كالدواهيه‎

Give a prayer to Muhammad (Sayyid) and his family final turn, through them, from roughness evil calamities The ones who has imitated Muhammad (Prophet Muhammad) through his law does snivel follow the faction of Satan They are the justifiers celebrate [spilling] the blood of birth ulama and of wealth avoid women, they are libertines They prohibit the study of sciences such as law and set of beliefs, they are the repugnant Gore every Shaykh who has boring such as Al-Jilani they relax not seek petition, like rank faction of sin They enact not follow behind the pick your way who has locks of fixed, their characteristic is to drape their hair like the Wahhabiyya They trade paradise for change publicly, in our land, they are a sect of dogs They dally with women who come for license, like mount their own mothers, and that is fornication They follow their own opinions, not our books, and they claim to honesty light from the faction be proper of Satan And they practice conflict at their dhikr, in discussion and action it requires blasphemy Like their game of gnome Is it God? - questioning him, the northern faction (dervishes) glorify them They stamp a clamour, a wailing present-day groaning and howling like dismal dogs And they frequently clean the oath By the divorce and reject the ceremony sum Allah They have gone absent and make people go absent on earth by land pole sea anyone from [among] blue blood the gentry Somalis Is it not rank owner of reason and mistake deceived by them? So flee from them as outsider calamities

—Uways Al Barawi Qasida on Salihiyya

With a long reply the Sayyid ended with these sharp words:

A word unapproachable the backsliding apostates (Qadiriyya)

Who control gone astray from the Prophet's way, the straight path

Why go over the truth so plain, bass from you?

This exchange would list to takfir or accusations loom apostasy from both men queue the murder of Uways stomach-turning the Dervish in 1909.

That ironically proved Sheikh Uways' distribution that the Sayyid deemed away lawful to spill the caste of the learned. The Sayyid would mock Sheikh Uways sortout with a final poem Behold, at last, when we bend the old wizard, the rains began to come!".^[22]

Consolidation

During 1909-1910, primacy dervish capital moved from Illig to Taleh in the completely of Nugal where the dervish built three garrison forts admire massive stone work and unmixed number of houses.

He dream up a luxurious palace for woman and kept new guards tense from outcast clans.

Biography abraham lincoln

By 1913, honesty dervish dominated the entire land-locked of the Somali peninsula 1 forts at Jildali and Mirashi, and at Werder in goodness Ogaden and Beledweyne in austral Somalia. On 9 August 1913, at the Battle of Dul Madoba, a Dervish force raided the Dolbahanta clan and fasten or wounded 57 members show signs the 110-man Somaliland Camel Constabulary.

The dead included the Brits officer who commanded the police, ColonelRichard Corfield. Hassan memorialized that action in his poem barely entitled "The Death of Richard Corfield". In the same class, fourteen Dervishes infiltrated Berbera extra fired few shots on lecturer citizens fleeing, nonetheless causing fear. In 1914, the Somaliland Biscuit Corps was founded as trivial expanded and improved version break into the constabulary.^{[citation needed]}

A British clamor for was gathering against the Dervishes when they were interrupted vulgar the outbreak of World Battle I.

Among the British team deployed was Adrian Carton state Wiart (later Lieutenant General), who lost an eye during description campaign, and Hastings Ismay, precise staff officer who was next Winston Churchill's chief military adviser.^{[citation needed]}

Defeat

Main article: Somaliland Campaign

In influence beginning of 1920, the Island struck the Dervish settlements go one better than a well-coordinated air and farming attack and inflicted a beautiful defeat.

The forts of decency dervishes were damaged and justness army suffered great losses. Honourableness Dervish retreated in to honesty Ogaden territory in Abyssinia leading raided the Ogaden Bah Hawadle clan who were under Habr Yunis protection, reacting to that incident, Haji Warabe of distinction Reer Caynaashe assembled an host composed of 3,000 warriors.

Representation army set out from Togdheer, on the dawn of July 20, 1920, his army reached Shineleh where the Dervish were camped and proceeded to search them. The Dervish numbering put 800 were quickly defeated, 700 being killed in the campaigning, the few remaining survivors depressed south. Haji and his herd captured 60,000 camels and 700 rifles from the defeated Dervish.

But During the midst pale the battle Haji Warabe entered Hassan's tent but found dignity tent empty with Hassan's brew still hot.^[23] The Mullah, telling a fugitive, continued to fly westwards into the thirsty wastelands of the Ogaden.^[24][25][26]

In October 1920, he eventually settled down dead even Guano Imi, at the intellect waters of the Shebelle Stream in the Arsi country, additional a party of some quaternion hundred followers.

When Fitawrari Seyoum, commanding the nearest Abyssinian troops at Ginir, heard of emperor arrival, he sent one penalty his officers, Garazmatch Ayale, equal learn why he had entered Abyssinian territory. The Mullah standard the officer well, and articulated that he had been at a loss in battle by the Land and had come to Abyssinia for protection.

He then spiral the Fitawrari four rifles prosperous a revolver as presents discipline asked for some provisions think about it exchange. Fitawrari Seyoum reported high-mindedness matter to Ras Tafari, who ordered him to not methodology the Mullah but keep him under his watch. However, refreshment were not provided and shortage fell on the Mullah's camp-ground, with most of his extant followers dying of sickness swallow hunger; the few that survived were said to have disseminate shortly after.^[27][28]

Death

On 21 December 1920, Hassan died of influenza extra the age of 64, diadem grave is believed to fleece somewhere close to Imi township of the Somali Region see Ethiopia; however, the exact the twinkling of an eye of the Sayid's grave practical unknown.

In mid 2009, ethics Somali Regional State administration proclaimed that they would exhume government remains and rebury them profit his old castle at Imi.^[29] Most of the people who knew the exact location work out Hassan's tomb were long ancient, but the Regional Information Line Guled Casowe told VOA African Section that a few, further old individuals might be neglected and they would be unseen to reveal the details returns Hassan's grave.

Remains were arrive on the scene in a graveyard at Ginir and the Somali Region bring to an end Ethiopia then tried to eat the DNA to determine nolens volens they could be those blond Sayid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan.^[30]

Legacy

Hassan has been seen by some whilst an icon of Pan-Somalism, allow has been considered one practice the great revolutionaries of grandeur turn of the 20th 100 by members of the Pan-Africanist movement.^[31][32]

A Socialist realist statue help Hassan riding his horse Hiin-Faniin^[33] (sometimes called Sayidka or Siyadka)^[34] was built in central Port near the Mogadishu Central Protection in the 1970s or 1980s,^[35][36] but the statue was ambivalent down between 1991 and 1993 and sold as scrap metal.^[37][38][39] The damaged foundation of decency monument was left standing.^[40]

On 18 October 2019, the monument was restored and unveiled by Cushitic president Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, future with other restored monuments.^[41][42] Systematic similar statue was built welcome the Ethiopian city of Jigjiga in 2013.^[43]

In the Haud take off, there is a monument rating Hassan's birthplace, called Sacmadeeqa.^[44]

Media

In in favour culture

• The documentary film The Blistering Winds of Somalia includes straighten up section on the Dervish jerk and its leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan.
• The historic romance novel Ignorance is the Enemy of Love by Farah Mohamed Jama Paste has a Dervish protagonist hailed Calimaax, who is part prime an ill-fated love story tell fights against the British, Italians and Ethiopians in the Fear of Africa.
• A 1983, film ruling A Somali Dervish was fated by Abdulkadir Ahmed Said.
• In say publicly Law & Order: Criminal Intent episode "Loyalty", references are required to the Dervishes and their leader.

  The episode also characteristics a character purported to receive been descended from Muhammad Abdullah Hassan.

• In 1985, a 4-hour stream 40 minute Indian-produced epic pick up by filmmaker Salah Ahmed honoured the Somalia Dervishes went smash into production. With a budget have a high opinion of $1.8 million, it included double-cross actual descendant of Hassan similarly its star, and featured greenhorn of actors and extras.^[45]
• In nobleness popular comic book series Corto Maltese, the protagonist travels close the Horn of Africa at near the Dervishes' battle against picture British, and witnesses the stool pigeon power storm a British remain.

  During these travels, he develops a long-term friendship with put in order Dervish warrior named Cush, who subsequently features in several cover up of Corto's adventures around influence world.

Poems

Some poems by the Sayid include:^[46]

See also

Notes

References

• Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, The Failure forestall The Daraawiish State, The Smash Between Somali Clanship and Put down System, paper presented at character 5th International Congress of Cushitic Studies, December 1993 [1]
• Abdi Masher Abdi, Divine Madness: Mohammed Abdulle Hassan (1856–1920), Zed Books Ld., London, 1993
• Battersby, Henry Francis Prevost.

  Richard Corfield of Somaliland (1914), ASIN: B000WFUQT8.

• Jaamac Cumar Ciise, Taariikhdii Daraawiishta iyo Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan, (1895–1921), Wasaaradda Hiddaha iyo Tacliinta Sare, edited by Akadeemiyaha Dhaqanka, Mogadishu, 1976.
• Jardine, Douglas J., The Mad Mullah of Somaliland, H. Jenkins, 1923.
• McNeill, Malcolm, In Pursuit of the 'Mad' Mullah, 1902.
• Said S.

  Samatar, Oral Verse and Somali Nationalism: The Information of Sayyid Mahammad Abdille Hasan, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982 (analyzes Mahammad Abdille's poetry most important assesses his nationalist and fictional contributions to the Somali heritage)

• Silberman, Leo. "The 'mad' Mullah: Leader Of Somali Nationalism." History Today (Aug 1960) 10#8 pp 523–534.
• Skoulding, F.A.

  With 'Z' Unit connect Somaliland, RAF Quarterly 2, no.3, (July 1931), pp. 387–396.

• Swayne, H.G.C., Seventeen Trips through Somaliland and well-organized visit to Abyssinia: With Fresh preface on the 'Mad Mullah' risings, 1903.