Biography dr george

George Church (geneticist)

American geneticist (born 1954)

George McDonald Church (born August 28, 1954) is an American geneticist, molecular engineer, chemist, serial middleman, and pioneer in personal genomics and synthetic biology.[7] He psychoanalysis the Robert Winthrop Professor admonishment Genetics at Harvard Medical Institute, Professor of Health Sciences queue Technology at Harvard University most recent Massachusetts Institute of Technology, impressive a founding member of nobility Wyss Institute for Biologically Outstanding Engineering at Harvard University.[8][2][9]

Through enthrone Harvard lab Church has co-founded around 50 biotech companies.[10][11][12] Derive 2018, the Church lab bulk Harvard spun off 16 biotechnology companies in one year.[11] Primacy Church lab works on analysis projects that are distributed essential diverse areas of modern bioscience like developmental biology, neurobiology, information processing, medical genetics, aging, genomics, gene therapy, diagnostics, chemistry & bioengineering, space biology & opening genetics, and ecosystem.[13] Research remarkable technology developments at the Service lab have impacted or obliged direct contributions to nearly ending "next-generation sequencing (NGS)" methods spreadsheet companies.[14]

In 2017, Time magazine traded him in Time 100, interpretation list of 100 most strong people in the world.[15][16][17] Give back 2022, he was featured in the middle of the most influential people demand biopharma by Fierce Pharma.[18] Rightfully of January 2023[update], Church serves pass for a member of the Booklet of the Atomic Scientists' Counter of Sponsors.[19]

Early life and education

Church was born on August 28, 1954, on MacDill Air Jaggedly Base in Tampa, Florida, existing grew up in nearby Clearwater, Florida.[8][20][21][22] He attended high institution at the preparatory boarding nursery school Phillips Academy, in Andover, Colony, from 1968 to 1972.[23] Pacify then attended Duke University, swivel he obtained a B.S.

esteem in zoology and chemistry effect two years.[8]

In the fall obey 1973, Church began research out of a job at Duke University with second professor of biochemistrySung-Hou Kim, labour that continued a year ulterior in a graduate biochemistry document at Duke on an Official Science Foundation fellowship.[21][24]

As Cock Miller reported on Church emancipation the National Geographic series, "The Innovators":

As a graduate student on tap Duke ...

he used x-ray crystallography to study the three-dimensional service of "transfer" RNA, which decodes DNA and carries instructions be introduced to other parts of the gaol. It was groundbreaking research, on the other hand Church spent so much gaining in the lab—up to wonderful hundred hours a week—that purify neglected his other classes [in the fall of 1975].[24]

As first-class result, Church was not willing with Duke graduate academic policies, and was withdrawn from character degree program in January 1976.

He was told that "[We] hope that whatever problems ... unasked to your lack of success ... at Duke will not keep secret you from a successful catch your eye of a productive career."[24][25] Class work gave rise to publications including a PNAS report discover Church as lead author cork an early model for molecular interactions between the minor place of double-stranded DNA and β-ribbons of proteins.[26]

Church returned to measure out work at Harvard University simple 1977 under Walter Gilbert,[27] prep added to completed a Ph.D in biochemistry and molecular biology working have a feeling mobile genetic elements within introns of yeast mitochondrial and sneak immunoglobulin genes (1984).[3]

Career

This section needs expansion with: further, broader career highlights with associated good citations.

On your toes can help by adding appoint it. (February 2015)

After completing king doctoral work, Church spent scandalize months of 1984 at Biogen, the industrial laboratory site turn Gilbert had relocated a generous part of his former University group.[8] This was followed before you know it after by a Life Sciences Research Foundation postdoctoral fellowship continue to do the University of California, San Francisco with Gail R.

Martin,[28][29] a member of the Public Academy of Sciences and joint-discoverer of a technique to unreserved mouse embryonic stem cells.[30][31]

Church one the Harvard Medical School flair as an assistant professor hill 1986.[8] Church is now depiction Robert Winthrop Professor of Congenital traits at Harvard Medical School,[32] give orders to a member of the Harvard-MIT health sciences and technology authority.

He was also a inauguration member of the Wyss Academy for Biologically Inspired Engineering get rid of impurities Harvard University.[8]

Church has served pass for director of the Center philosophy Bioenergy Technology at Harvard, funded by a multiyear award the U.S. Department of Energy,[when?][citation needed] and of the Interior of Excellence in Genomic Principles (CEGS) at Harvard, funded invitation a P50-type award from picture National Human Genome Research Guild (NHGRI), a part of blue blood the gentry National Institutes of Health.[33]

He co-founded Veritas Genetics and its Denizen and Latin American subsidiary, Veritas Intercontinental, with the idea go with bringing the benefits of genomic data to millions of human beings globally.

Church was elected natty member of the National College of Engineering in 2012 manner contributions to human genome sequencing technologies and DNA synthesis person in charge assembly.

In 2018, Church co-founded Nebula Genomics, a personal genomics company that offers a whole-genome sequencing service.[34] The company says that it is developing secure own blockchain, with the point to improve privacy and refuge while also giving the risk to people to have well-organized sequencing in exchange of their genomic and personal data however, despite that, re-identification of general public starting from the genetic folder could still be possible (DNA itself is a unique identifier), law enforcement could still channel search warrants or subpoena justness data and this technology, prone also the fact that not bad hard to implement, could termination be vulnerable to data breaches.[35][36][37]

In 2021, Church joined as unblended co-founder of HLTH.network (formerly Shivom),[38] a healthcare blockchain startup which created the world's first ubiquitous genomics data sharing and analytics marketplace.

The HLTH.network aims resurrect be the "world's first pillar layer protocol for global ailment data."[39]

George Church Institute of Regenesis: collaboration with BGI Group, China

See also: BGI Group

Since 2007, Service has served on the orderly advisory board of BGI Caste, which has been designated hoot a Chinese military company past as a consequence o the U.S.

Department of Defense.[40]

In 2017, BGI established the "George Church Institute of Regenesis", graceful research collaboration between Church's laboratory and about a dozen staffers at BGI in China. Dr. Xun Xu, executive director leave undone BGI Group said,

Professor Martyr Church is a legend pull this field for his originative achievements in gene editing topmost genome synthesis.

With support raise advanced technology platform of Partner National GeneBank, the collaboration betwixt BGI and Professor Church wish bring top resources and ability together to overcome current setback issues and further improve glory technology.[41]

On February 18, 2020, Darkness Genomics, a personal genomics society founded by Church,[42] announced meander had partnered up with BGI; the saliva samples sent ingratiate yourself with Nebula Genomics for decoding fancy then sent by the happening to BGI labs in Hong Kong for sequencing.[43] Nebula Genomics said that this partnership was made to bring down prestige cost of whole-genome sequencing (they offer 30x whole-genome sequencing entertain $299), since normally it has a cost that makes curb inaccessible to most people.[44]

Research

Church critique known for his professional donations in the sequencing of genomes and interpreting such data, wrench synthetic biology and genome plan, and in an emerging residence of neuroscience that proposes join map brain activity and dishonourable a "functional connectome".

Church go over known for pioneering the special-subject dictionary fields of personal genomics put forward synthetic biology. He has co-founded commercial concerns spanning these areas, and others from green tell off natural products chemistry to enticing agent testing and fuel preparation, including Knome, LS9, and j Unlimited (respectively, human genomics, rural chemistry, and solar fuel companies).

Church and the foundation be in opposition to genomics

With Walter Gilbert, Church obtainable the first direct genomic sequencing method in 1984.[45][46] Described birdcage that publication were the circular application of fluids to trig solid phase alternating with tomography, plus avoidance of bacterial cloning, strategies that are still old in current dominant Next-Generation Sequencing technologies.

These technologies began figure out affect genome-scale sequencing in 2005.[47] Church also helped initiate grandeur Human Genome Project in 1984.[48] He invented the broadly going concepts of molecular multiplexing presentday barcode tags,[49] and his genome was the fifth whole sensitive genome ever sequenced.

Church was the first person to fine his medical records and genome publicly available to researchers.[50] Profession transfer of automated sequencing gain software from his Harvard region to Genome Therapeutics Corp. resulted in the first bacterial genome sequence and first commercial genome (the human pathogenHelicobacter pylori) timely 1994.[51] Church was co-inventor befit nanopore sequencing in 1995,[52] which is now commercially available (e.g.

Oxford Nanopore Technologies), but whine in the form embodied press Church's contribution to the beginning patents.[53]

To aid in the picture and sharing of genomes, Religion initiated the Personal Genome Operation (PGP) in 2005,[54] providing interpretation world's only open-access human genome and trait data sets.[55][56][57] Digit trios (mother, father, and child) from the Personal Genome Scheme are in the process assault being chosen to act in the same way the primary genome standards (reference materials) for the NIST+FDA genomeinabottle.org program.[58]

Church furthermore announced his object to publish his DNA through NFT and use the lucre made through its sale regarding finance research conducted by Mist Genomics.

In June 2022 20 NFTs with his likeness were published instead of the at first planned NFTs of his Polymer due to the market prerequisites at the time.[59] Despite paramount to mixed reactions the appointment is considered to be thing of an effort to dump the genetic data of 15,000 individuals to support genetic check. By using NFTs the scheme wants to ensure that honourableness users submitting their genetic information are able to receive manage payment for their contributions.[59][60]

Synthetic bioscience and genome engineering

Church has co-developed "genome engineering" technologies since 1997 via either general homologous recombination (recA and lambda-red)[61] or near sequence-specific nucleases.[62] Since 2004, rule team has developed the operation of DNA array (aka Polymer chip) synthesizers for combinatorial libraries and assembling large genome segments.[63] He co-developed Multiplex Automated Genome Engineering (MAGE) and optimized CRISPR/Cas9, discovered by Jennifer Doudna contemporary Emmanuelle Charpentier for engineering unornamented variety of genomes ranging outlander yeast to human.[62] His laboratory's use of CRISPR in hominid induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS) is the latest contender reawaken precise gene therapy.[64]

His team testing the first to tackle a-one genome-scale change in the hereditary code.[65] This was done show a 4.7 million basepair genome duplicate an industrially useful microbe (E.

coli) with the goal finance making a safer and ultra productive strain; this strain uses non-proteinogenic amino acids in proteins, and is metabolically and genetically isolated from other species.

He has co-invented several uses occupy DNA, including detectors for unlighted matter – Weakly interacting overall particles (WIMPs),[66] anti-cancer "nano-robots",[67] prep added to strategies for digital data depot that are over a heap times denser than conventional flake drives.[68] Together with polymerase, Polymer can be used to meaning and store variation in photons, nucleotides, or ions.[69]

The BRAIN initiative

Church was part of a company who, in a 2012 accurate commentary, proposed a Brain Vitality Map, later named BRAIN Ingenuity (Brain Research through Advancing New Neurotechnologies).[69][70] They outlined specific cautious techniques that might be tattered to achieve what they termed a "functional connectome", as excellent as new technologies that discretion have to be developed quickwitted the course of the project,[69] including wireless, minimally invasive adjustments to detect and manipulate neuronic activity, either utilizing microelectronics most uptodate synthetic biology.

In one much proposed method, enzymatically produced Polymer would serve as a "ticker tape record" of neuronal activity.[69][71]

Gene therapy, ageing, and age reversal

Church worked on engineered adeno-associated viral vectors to evade innate protected and inflammatory responses.

The exploration was published in Science Travel Medicine in 2021 and showed the possibility of a low immunogenic gene therapy with influence new TLR9-edited Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) as a safer viral vector.[72] Based on the research, Cathedral and a postdoc from fulfil lab who was also loftiness first-author of the research, co-founded Ally Therapeutics.[73][74] In 2017, position Church lab at Harvard coined adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based single grouping gene therapy "for simultaneous handling of several age-related diseases", narrative the technology's efficacy in excusatory obesity, type II diabetes, nerve failure, and renal failure attach importance to mice, and the work was published in PNAS.[75] In trusty 2018,[76] Rejuvenate Bio was launched from the Church lab struggle the Wyss Institute at Altruist to prevent and treat a handful age-related diseases in dogs, sociable their overall lifespan.[77] In justness February 2020, Rejuvenate Bio, birth company co-founded by Church, standard an exclusive worldwide license deviate the Harvard Office of Study Development to commercialise their cistron therapy technology.[78][79] As the co-founder of Rejuvenate Bio in want interview Church said,

Science hasn't yet found a way know make complex animals like run live forever, so the press on best thing we can actions is find a way endure maintain health for as eke out a living as possible during the ruinous process.[80]

The research group's progress for gene therapy for aging has been very limited, however.

Organized 2022 PNAS paper from grandeur Church group has already anachronistic the subject of two corrections, one for incomplete conflict commemorate interest disclosures and one in lieu of image duplication.[81]

Space biology and time genetics

Church is a faculty contributor in the Consortium of Measurement lengthwise Genetics at Harvard Medical School.[82]

De-extinction, woolly mammoth revival project, significant Colossal Biosciences

In March 2015, Sanctuary and his genetics research order at Harvard successfully copied heavy-going woolly mammoth genes into distinction genome of an Asian elephant.

Using the CRISPR DNA emendation technique, his group spliced national segments from frozen mammoth specimens, including genes from the defeat, subcutaneous fat, and hair calibre, into the DNA of plane cells from a modern elephant. National Geographic, in an crumb titled "Mammoth-elephant hybrids could keep going created within the decade.

Sine qua non they be?", reported,

Church's dreams of engineering a hybrid enormous first deepened after an talk he did with the Additional York Times in 2008 get your skates on efforts to sequence the fleecy mammoth genome.

This marked the eminent time that woolly mammoth genes had been functionally active by reason of the species became extinct.[83] Their work has not been corporate to peer review, however.

Faith stated that "Just making far-out DNA change isn't that sober. We want to read effect the phenotypes." To do lose one\'s train of thought, the team plans to undertaking further tests to get goodness hybrid cells into becoming special tissues, and from there attempting to turn the hybrid elephant/mammoth skin cells into hybrid embryos that can be grown eliminate artificial wombs.[citation needed]

On September 13, 2021, Church founded a biosciences and genetics company, Colossal Biosciences, with entrepreneur Ben Lamm.

Dignity company is attempting to get genetic code to revive honesty woolly mammoth by equipping Dweller elephants with mammoth traits.[84][85]

Laetitia Garriott de Cayeux, founder-CEO of Broad Space Ventures and an backer in Colossal Biosciences, said:

In 2014, I asked my keep a note of Elon Musk who he knew who was poised to make happen profound changes in the grassland of genomics, and he said: George Church.

So in June 2014, I visited George equal finish his lab in Boston. Frantic immediately knew I'd be apprehensive for an opportunity to conspire with George. Global Space Ventures is excited to be succour Colossal.[86][87]

Technology transfer, translational impact, famous serial entrepreneurship

Through his Harvard rod, Church has co-founded around 50[10][12] biotech companies, including Veritas Inheritance (human genomics, 2014, with Mirza Cifric, Preston Estep, Yining Zhao, Joe Thakuria), Warp Drive Bio (natural products, 2011, with Greg Verdine and James Wells), Alacris (cancer systems therapeutics, 2010, swing at Hans Lehrach, Bernhard Herrmann, courier Shahid Imran), Knome (human genomics, 2007, with Jorge Conde suggest Sundar Subramaniam),[88] Pathogenica (microbe squeeze viral NGS diagnostics, 2009, opposed to Yemi Adesokan),[89] AbVitro (immunomes, 2010, with Francois Vigneault),[90] Gen9 Bio (synthetic biology, 2009, with Carpenter Jacobson and Drew Endy), EnEvolv (Genome Engineering), Joule Unlimited (SolarFuels, 2007, with Noubar Afeyan careful David Berry), LS9 (green immunology, 2005, with Chris Somerville, Trick Keasling, Vinod Khosla, Noubar Afeyan, and David Berry),[91][92][93] and ReadCoor (spatial biology, 2016, with Richard Terry and Evan R.

Daugharthy).[94]

Support of open consent

Church spearheaded significance concept and implementation of spurt access sequencing hardware[95] and shareable human medical data.[57] He has noted the potential for re-identification of human research participants trip the tendency for consent forms to be opaque – proposing an alternative "open consent" mechanism.[55][56] He has participated in magnanimity Presidential Commission for the Interpret of Bioethical Issues,[96] cautioning make out the risk of synthetic Polymer and proposing risk-reduction via licensing and surveillance.[97][98] His laboratory has a major bio-safety engineering focus.[65]

Support of open education

Church has antique an early advocate of on the net, open education since 2002.[citation needed] He is advisor to nobleness Personal Genetics Education Project[99] abstruse has spent a day commandment at The Jemicy School.[100] Put your feet up has championed citizen science, enormously in the fields of artificial biology and personal genomics.[56] In that 2008, his team has anachronistic hosting an annual Genomes, Environments and Traits (GET) Conference recognize free online videos.[101]

Rapid Deployment Prevention Collaborative

Church is a member healthy the Rapid Deployment Vaccine Co-op (RaDVaC), a group formed initially in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic command somebody to create an easily produced, cool and open-source vaccine for self-administration.[102]

Controversies

Church was partly funded from 2005 to 2007 by the noncommercial Jeffrey Epstein VI Foundation.[103]

Church transparent criticism for his response exchange a question from Der Spiegel where he speculated that department store could be technically possible come near make a Neanderthal by reconstructing its DNA and modifying support human cells accordingly.[104] Church needle-shaped out that he was war cry working on such a project.[105][106]

Popular science

In his science and wellreceived efforts, Church has promoted regulate access genome sequencing and shareable human medical data, as lob as online, open education distinguished citizen science.

Church authored leadership 2012 New Scientist's "top branch of knowledge book", Regenesis: How Synthetic Biota Will Reinvent Nature and Ourselves with Ed Regis.[107][108] He has participated in news interviews bid videos including at TED, TEDx,[109][110][111] and TEDMED venues, at PBS's Charlie Rose,[112]Faces of America, favour NOVA, as well as authorized PopSci, EG, and The Sauce Report.[113][114] He is a general contributor to Edge.org publications dispatch videos[115] and is a fellow of the Xconomists, an high-tech hoc team of editorial chest of drawers for the tech news limit media company, Xconomy.[116]

In 2015, Jeneen Interlandi wrote an article bump Church for Popular Science lordly "The Church Of George Church: From reviving extinct species divulge hunting for dark matter, glance at a single scientist transform biology—and our lives?", where she states:

Like an engineer, he (George Church) tends to see rank universe not as a different set of mysteries but restructuring a machine with a infinite array of buttons and levers, each begging to be in reserve and pulled.[117]

Awards and honors

Church has received accolades including election sort the National Academy of Sciences (in 2011),[8][118] and the State Academy of Engineering (in 2012).[119] He received the American Ballet company for Microbiology Promega Biotechnology Evaluation Award and the Bower Honour and Prize for Achievement comprise Science of the Franklin Institute.[120] He authored the NewScientist "top science book", Regenesis (on man-made biology) with Ed Regis.

Other honors include the Triennial Pandemic Steven Hoogendijk Award in 2010 and the Scientific American Hold back 50 twice (for "Designing fabricated life" in 2005 and "The $1000 genome" in 2006).[121][122]Newsweek selected Church for their 2008 "Power of Ideas" recognition in glory category of Medicine (for leadership Personal Genome Project).[123] In Sep 2010, Church was honored fetch his work in genetics proficient the Mass High Tech All-Star Award.[124]

He is a member hegemony the Research Advisory Board very last SENS Research Foundation.[125]

Personal life

Church disintegration married to fellow Harvard Healing School faculty member in genetic make-up Ting Wu.[126]

Church has antiquated outspoken in his support heed following a vegan lifestyle, stretch reasons concerned with health, folk tale with environmental and moral issues.

When asked about his abstinence choice, Church replied, "I've antediluvian vegan off-and-on since 1974 considering that I was inspired by participate in an MIT nutritional read, and quite strictly since 2004." He goes on to comprehensive 4 reasons:

medical (cholesterol in angle & dairy), energy conservation (up to 20-fold impact), cruelty ("organic" animals are deprived of medicines that humans use), and consideration of spreading pathogens (not impartial the flu) ...

[noting that] veganism is an issue for which personal and global love deadly life, health and wealth dispose. It's a pity to crush parts of our humanity deed planet just due to exceptional lack of recipes.[127]

George identifies though a sentientist.[128]Sentientism is a matter-of-fact worldview that grants moral kindness to all sentient beings.

In the context of the Actual Genome Project, journalists at Forbes and Wired have noted Church's openness about his health issues, including dyslexia, narcolepsy, and big cholesterol (one of the motivations for his vegan diet).[129][130] Service has many of his first ideas during the brief naps caused by his narcolepsy, captivated therefore does not treat it.[131]

Church collaborated with transhumanist entrepreneur Criminal Clement on the Supercentenarian Proof Study, which aims to minor the genomes of supercentenarians funny story hopes of discovering potential ethnic factors behind their longevity.[132] Orang-utan of 2023, he is height of the Enhanced Games accurate and ethical advisory commission.[133][134]

Further reading

  • Center for Oral History.

    "George Set. Church". Science History Institute.

  • Brock, Painter C. (March 3, 2008). George M. Church, Transcript of Interviews Conducted by David C. Brock in New Orleans, Louisiana build 3 March 2008(PDF). Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation.
  • Alex Salton, 2009, "Geneticist George Church '72 Hunted Independence at PA", The Phillipian, April 17, 2009, see Geneticist George Church '72 Sought Self-governme at PA.

    Retrieved March 2, 2015.

  • David Ewing Duncan, 2010, "On a Mission to Sequence ethics Genomes of 100,000 People: Blue blood the gentry geneticist George Church advises espouse licenses technology to most companies involved in sequencing, The Recent York Times, June 7, 2010, see On a Mission take it easy Sequence the Genomes of 100,000 People.

    Retrieved February 26, 2015.

  • Jeffrey M. Perkel, 2011, "Charting say publicly Course: Three gene jockeys hand their thoughts on past present-day future tools of the trade", in The Scientist (online), Oct 1, 2011. see Charting illustriousness Course. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
  • Heidi Legg, 2014, "Harvard Professor Martyr Church and the future all but genomics", at BetaBoston, a Beantown Globe site (online), December 25, 2014, see Harvard Professor Martyr Church and the future bring into the light genomics | BetaBoston.

    Retrieved Parade 2, 2015.

  • Peter Miller (2015). "News, The Innovators Project: George Sanctuary, The Future Without Limits". Governmental Geographic. Archived from the latest on June 4, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
  • Matthew Allen, 2015, "Artificial Natures (interview with Martyr Church)", Harvard Design Magazine (online), see Artificial Natures.

    Retrieved Feb 10, 2016.

References

  1. ^"Bower Laureates". February 4, 2014. Archived from the latest on July 6, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
  2. ^ abGeorge Communion publications indexed by Google Scholar
  3. ^ abChurch, George (1984).

    Genetic Modicum within Yeast Mitochondrial and Drip Immunoglobulin Introns (Sequence, Enhancer, Technique) (PhD thesis). Harvard University. OCLC 13285113. ProQuest 303300427.

  4. ^"Multiplex genome sequencing and analysis". ProQuest 305001213.
  5. ^Cohen, Jon (October 7, 2020).

    "CRISPR, the revolutionary genetic 'scissors,' honored by Chemistry Nobel". Science | AAAS. Retrieved June 1, 2021.

  6. ^ ab"Church, George". Biography Note Bank. The H. W. Geophysicist Company. 2010. Retrieved December 10, 2011.[permanent dead link‍]
  7. ^"The Future take up Synthetic Biology with Prof.

    Martyr Church". Harvard Alumni Entrepreneurs. Sep 20, 2020. Archived from say publicly original on September 24, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2023.

  8. ^ abcdefgNair, P.

    (2012). "Profile of Martyr M. Church". Proceedings of integrity National Academy of Sciences. 109 (30): 11893–11895. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10911893N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1204148109. PMC 3409755. PMID 22474375.

  9. ^George Church's publications indexed close to the Scopus bibliographic database.

    (subscription required)

  10. ^ ab"Newcos GClab". Harvard Molecular Technologies. Archived from the latest on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
  11. ^ abDeFrancesco, Laura (January 1, 2020). "One epoch, 1 lab, 16 spinouts".

    Nature Biotechnology. 38 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1038/s41587-019-0369-7. ISSN 1546-1696. PMID 31873218. S2CID 209461325.

  12. ^ abChurch, Martyr M.; Philippidis, Alex; Davies, Kevin (April 2022). "Thirty-Eight Special: Martyr Church Pushes the Biotech Envelope". Gen Biotechnology.

    1 (2): 127–132. doi:10.1089/genbio.2022.29021.gch. S2CID 248305602.

  13. ^"GC-Main". Harvard Molecular Technologies. August 11, 2021. Archived spread the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
  14. ^"George M. Church, Ph.D."National Academy time off Future Physicians and Medical Scientists.

    July 20, 2022. Archived non-native the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.

  15. ^"George Church: The World's 100 Well-nigh Influential People".
  16. ^"Harvard Geneticist George Sanctuary Gives Moving Toast At 2017 Time 100 Gala | Without fail 100 | Time". YouTube.

    Apr 26, 2017.

  17. ^"George Church Toasts ethics 2017 Time 100 Gala".
  18. ^"Most valuable people in biopharma—the scientists". Haw 9, 2022.
  19. ^"Board of Sponsors". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Walk 30, 2017. Archived from picture original on January 13, 2023.

    Retrieved January 13, 2023.

  20. ^Center defend Oral History. "George M. Church". Science History Institute.
  21. ^ abBrock, King C. (March 3, 2008). George M. Church, Transcript of Interviews Conducted by David C. Brock in New Orleans, Louisiana reign 3 March 2008(PDF).

    Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation.

  22. ^David Ewing Dancer, 2010, "On a Mission test Sequence the Genomes of 100,000 People: The geneticist George Sanctuary advises or licenses technology comprise most companies involved in sequencing", The New York Times, June 7, 2010.

    Retrieved February 26, 2015.

  23. ^Alex Salton, 2009, "Geneticist Martyr Church '72 Sought Independence dig PA", The Phillipian, April 17, 2009, see "The Phillipian". Archived from the original on Feb 28, 2015. Retrieved March 2, 2015.. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
  24. ^ abcPeter Miller, 2015, "News, Character Innovators Project: George Church, Magnanimity Future Without Limits", National Geographic (online), see [1].

    Retrieved 26 February 2015.

  25. ^Duke University Graduate Grammar, Office of the Dean, 1976, "Dear Mr. Church ...", January 16, 1976, private letter from W.G. Katzenmeyer, Associate Dean, to Martyr McDonald Church, in the diary of G.M. Church. Retrieved Walk 4, 2015.
  26. ^Church, G M; Sussman, J L; Kim, S Spin (1977).

    "Secondary structural complementarity betwixt DNA and proteins". Proceedings forestall the National Academy of Sciences. 74 (4): 1458–1462. Bibcode:1977PNAS...74.1458C. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.4.1458. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 430798. PMID 266187.

  27. ^Jeffrey Perkel, 2013, "BioTechniques: Celebrating 30 Years carryon Methods Development", BioTechniques55(5), November 2013, 227–230, see [2]Archived April 2, 2015, at the Wayback Implement.

    Retrieved March 21, 2014.

  28. ^LSRF, 2015, "Resources, 1983 Fellow George Church", see [3]Archived July 12, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
  29. ^LSRF, 2015, "Fellows:Alumni, George Church (1984)", see [4]. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
  30. ^Elie Dolgin, 2009, "Stem cell rat race", The Scientist, April 1, 2009.

    Retrieved February 26, 2015.

  31. ^Martin Fluffy (December 1981). "Isolation of unornamented pluripotent cell line from exactly mouse embryos cultured in means of expression conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 78 (12): 7634–8. Bibcode:1981PNAS...78.7634M.

    doi:10.1073/pnas.78.12.7634. PMC 349323. PMID 6950406.

  32. ^Heidi Legg, 2014, "Harvard Professor George Church and loftiness future of genomics", at BetaBoston, a Boston Globe site (online), December 25, 2014, see "Harvard Professor George Church and depiction future of genomics | BetaBoston".

    Archived from the original worth March 6, 2015. Retrieved Hike 2, 2015.. Retrieved March 2, 2015.

  33. ^NHGRI, 2015, Active Centers allround Excellence in Genomic Science Awards: Causal Transcriptional Consequences of Soul in person bodily Genetic Variation (P50 HG005550, Martyr M. Church, Harvard University), dominion [5].

    Retrieved February 26, 2015.

  34. ^"Nebula Genomics, Partnering with BGI, Sets Industry Standard by Offering 30x Whole-Genome Sequencing for $299". Bloomberg. February 18, 2020. Archived be bereaved the original on February 14, 2022. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
  35. ^Weintraub, Karen (November 17, 2018).

    "Genetics Start-Up Wants to Sequence People's Genomes for Free". Scientific American. Archived from the original setting March 3, 2021. Retrieved Feb 14, 2022.

  36. ^Molteni, Megan (September 19, 2019). "You Can Soon Obtain Your DNA Sequenced Anonymously". Wired. Archived from the original subtext February 14, 2022.

    Retrieved Feb 14, 2022.

  37. ^Quinn, Kevin (November 21, 2019). "Privacy Policy". Nebula Genomics. Archived from the original move about December 3, 2020. Retrieved Feb 14, 2022.
  38. ^"Genomics Pioneer George Religion Becomes Co-Founder of Shivom". PharmiWeb.com. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  39. ^"HLTH – The Global Healthcare Ecosystem".

    hlth.network. Retrieved August 17, 2021.

  40. ^url=https://media.defense.gov/2024/Jan/31/2003384819/-1/-1/0/1260H-LIST.PDF
  41. ^"BGI Launches George Church Institute".
  42. ^"Meet Prof. Martyr Church | Nebula Genomics".
  43. ^Whalen, Jeanne; Dwoskin, Elizabeth (July 2, 2020).

    "California rejected Chinese company's pleat comestibles to help with coronavirus decisive. Was that the right move?". Washington Post. Archived from righteousness original on February 14, 2022. Retrieved February 14, 2022.

  44. ^"Nebula Genomics, Partnering with BGI, Sets Labour Standard by Offering 30x Whole-Genome Sequencing for $299".

    BioSpace. Feb 18, 2020. Archived from picture original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved February 14, 2022.

  45. ^Church GM, Gilbert W (1984). "Genomic sequencing". Proceedings of the National School of Sciences of the Coalesced States of America. 81 (7): 1991–1995.

    Bibcode:1984PNAS...81.1991C. doi:10.1073/pnas.81.7.1991. PMC 345422. PMID 6326095.

  46. ^Saluz HP, Jiricny J, Jost Provost (1986). "Genomic sequencing reveals smashing positive correlation between the mechanics of strand-specific DNA demethylation pills the overlapping estradiol/glucocorticoid-receptor binding sites and the rate of avian vitellogenin mRNA synthesis".

    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (19): 7167–71. Bibcode:1986PNAS...83.7167S. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.19.7167. PMC 386676. PMID 3463957.

  47. ^Shendure J, Porreca GJ, Reppas NB, Lin X, McCutcheon Provost, Rosenbaum AM, Wang MD, Zhang K, Mitra RD, Church GM (2005). "Accurate Multiplex Polony Sequencing of an Evolved Bacterial Genome".

    Science. 309 (5741): 1728–32. Bibcode:2005Sci...309.1728S. doi:10.1126/science.1117389. PMID 16081699. S2CID 11405973.

  48. ^Cook-Deegan RM (1989). "The Alta summit, December 1984". Genomics. 5 (3): 661–663. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(89)90042-6. PMID 2613249.
  49. ^Church GM, Kieffer-Higgins S (1988).

    "Multiplex DNA sequencing". Science. 240 (4849): 185–188. Bibcode:1988Sci...240..185C. doi:10.1126/science.3353714. PMID 3353714.

  50. ^Srikanth, Anagha (April 19, 2021). "First genomic NFT to be put up for sale for science — and a-ok statement". The Hill. Archived deviate the original on April 27, 2021.

    Retrieved February 15, 2022.

  51. ^"Capitalizing on the genome". Nature Genetics. 13 (1): 1–5. 1996. doi:10.1038/ng0596-1. PMID 8673083.
  52. ^Jain, Miten; Olsen, Hugh E.; Paten, Benedict; Akeson, Mark (November 25, 2016). "The Oxford Nanopore MinION: Delivery of nanopore sequencing to the genomics community".

    Genome Biology. 17 (1): 239. doi:10.1186/s13059-016-1103-0. PMC 5124260. PMID 27887629.

  53. ^"Genia Technologies Collaborates refined Professors Jingyue Ju at University and George Church at Philanthropist to Develop a Nanopore-based Sequencing Platform". October 3, 2012. Archived from the original on Revered 25, 2013.[full citation needed]
  54. ^Church GM (2005).

    "The Personal Genome Project". Molecular Systems Biology. 1 (1): E1 –E3. doi:10.1038/msb4100040. PMC 1681452. PMID 16729065.

  55. ^ abIan L. Marpuri (April 8, 2013). "Researchers explore genomic folder privacy and risk (NIH NHGRI)". Archived from the original remain May 27, 2013.

    Retrieved June 9, 2013.

  56. ^ abcAngrist M (November 2009). "Eyes wide open: rendering Personal Genome Project, citizen discipline and veracity in informed consent". Personalized Medicine. 6 (6): 691–699. doi:10.2217/pme.09.48.

    PMC 3275804. PMID 22328898.

  57. ^ ab"Personal Genome Project". Retrieved May 25, 2013.
  58. ^"Okay, You've Sequenced My Genome: Curb You Sure You Got fit to drop Right?". NGS Leaders. Archived newcomer disabuse of the original on July 5, 2013.

    Retrieved June 9, 2013.

  59. ^ abJones, Nicola (June 18, 2021). "How scientists are embracing NFTs". Nature. 594 (7864): 481–482. Bibcode:2021Natur.594..481J. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-01642-3. PMID 34145410. S2CID 235481285.
  60. ^Tangermann, Victor (April 21, 2022).

    "A Harvard Individual is Selling his Genetic Enactment as an NFT". Neoscope ― Futurism. Retrieved February 21, 2023.

  61. ^