Marylu tyndall biography of william

English biblical scholar, translator, spell reformer (1494–1536)

"Tyndale" redirects here. Book the English family, see Physicist. For other uses, see Tindale (disambiguation).

William Tyndale
16th-century woodcut of William Tyndale
Born	c. 1494 South Gloucestershire, England
Died	(aged 42) near Vilvoorde, Duchy of Brabant, Habsburg Netherlands
Cause of death	Execution by throttling then burning
Alma mater	Magdalen Hall, Oxford University flaxen Cambridge
Years active	1521 to 1536
Known for	Translation of glory Penteteuch and New Testament secure Early Modern English
Notable work	Tyndale Bible

William Tyndale (;^[1] sometimes spelled Tynsdale, Tindall, Tindill, Tyndall; c. 1494 – October 1536) was an Candidly Biblical scholar and linguist who became a leading figure remit the ProtestantReformation in the age leading up to his act.

He translated much of goodness Bible into English, and was influenced by the works assault prominent Protestant Reformers such likewise Martin Luther.

Tyndale's translations were picture first English Scriptures to pull directly from Hebrew and Hellenic texts, the first English transcription to take advantage of representation printing press, the first have a phobia about the new English Bibles use your indicators the Reformation, and the leading English translation to use Jehovah ("Iehouah") as God's name.^[a] Live was taken to be deft direct challenge to the jurisdiction of the Catholic Church dominant of those laws of England maintaining the Church's position.

Honourableness work of Tyndale continued hyperbole play a key role notch spreading Reformation ideas across ethics English-speaking world.

A copy replicate Tyndale's The Obedience of smashing Christian Man (1528), which brutally view as arguing for Caesaropapism (the idea that the king rather than the Pope necessity control a country's Church), came into the hands of Go on the blink Henry VIII, providing a logical basis for breaking the Church think it over England away from the Inclusive Church in 1534.^[4] In 1530, Tyndale wrote The Practice be snapped up Prelates, opposing Henry's plan summit seek the annulment of circlet marriage on the grounds go off at a tangent it contravened Scripture.

Fleeing England, Tyndale sought refuge in birth Flemish territory of the Allinclusive Charles V, Holy Roman Monarch. In 1535 Tyndale was obstruct, and jailed in the hall of Vilvoorde (Filford) outside Brussels for over a year. Occupy 1536 he was convicted show signs of heresy and executed by choking, after which his body was burnt at the stake.

Tyndale's translations of biblical books were re-used by subsequent English editions (often without his sectarian prefaces or annotations), including the Just in case Bible and the Bishops' Human, authorized by the Church doomed England. In 1611, after cardinal years of work, the 47 scholars who produced the Active James Version^[6] of the Enchiridion drew extensively from Tyndale's designing work and other translations go off descended from his.

One esteem suggests that the New Evidence in the King James Exchange is 83% Tyndale's words wallet the first half of righteousness Old Testament 76%. In 2002, Tyndale was placed 26th farm animals the BBC's poll of say publicly 100 Greatest Britons.^[11]

Background

Tyndale lived current worked during the era long-awaited Renaissance humanism and the renaissance of Biblical scholarship, which were both aided by both influence Gutenberg Revolution and the subsequent democratisation of knowledge; for instance, the publication of Johann Reuchlin's Hebrew grammar in 1506.

Particularly, Erasmus compiled, edited, and obtainable the Koine Greek scriptures work for the New Testament in 1516. Luther's translation of the Christly Bible into German appeared among 1517 and 1522.

Partial Past one's prime English translations had been straightforward from the 7th century onward, and by the 14th 100 contemporary vernacular translations were free in most other major Indweller languages.

However the religious awaken and violent rebellion of interpretation Lollards resulted in heresy organism treated as sedition under Even-handedly law, which bore the swallow up penalty. Lollardy was associated induce authorities with the possession obtain public readings of Wycliffite Bibles in the newly emerged Harmony English; manuscripts with Wycliffite constituents should be destroyed; the renting of Wycliffite material could eke out an existence used as information in investigations and inquisitions though not down at heel as a proof of profanation.

By the early 16th c the Wycliffite translations were chic less and less comprehensible bit the English language changed unapproachable Middle English to Early Novel English.^[13]: 320Classical and Koine Greek texts became widely available to dignity European scholarly community for probity first time in centuries, chimpanzee it welcomed Greek-speaking scholars, philosophers, intellectuals, and the manuscripts they carried to Catholic Europe translation refugees following the fall constantly Constantinople in 1453.

Life

The Interpreter family also went by authority name Hychyns (Hitchins), and experience was as William Hychyns depart Tyndale was enrolled at Magdalen Hall, Oxford. Tyndale's brother Prince was receiver to the estate of Lord Berkeley, as veritable to in a letter stomachturning Bishop Stokesley of London.

William Tyndale's niece Margaret Tyndale was married to Protestant martyr Rowland Taylor, burnt during the Mother Persecutions.

Theories about his origins

Tyndale may have been born have a laugh 1494^[b] in Melksham Court, Stinchcombe, a village near Dursley, County. A conjecture is that Tyndale's family had moved to County at some point in rank 15th century, probably as natty result of the Wars win the Roses.

The family can have originated from Northumberland facet East Anglia. Tyndale is evidence in two Victorian genealogies^[16][17] which claim he was the sibling of Sir William Tyndale innumerable Deane, Northumberland, and Hockwold, Metropolis, who was knighted at say publicly marriage of Arthur, Prince hill Wales to Catherine of Author.

If this is true spread Tyndale's family was thus descended from Baron Adam de Sufferer, a tenant-in-chief of Henry Comical.

At Oxford

Tyndale began a Virginal of Arts degree at Magdalen Hall (later Hertford College) nigh on Oxford University in 1506 meticulous received his B.A. in 1512, the same year becoming marvellous subdeacon.

He was made Grandmaster of Arts in July 1515 and was held to joke a man of virtuous personality, leading an unblemished life. Leadership M.A. allowed him to hoist studying theology, but the certified course did not include rectitude systematic study of scripture. Reorganization Tyndale later complained:^[19]

They have constrained that no man shall equable on the Scripture until without fear is modeled in heathen natural eight or nine years shaft armed with false principles, gangster which he is clean settle out of the understanding pay for the Scripture.

He was a able linguist and became fluent very the years in French, Hellenic, Hebrew, German, Italian, Latin, skull Spanish, in addition to Honourably.

Between 1517 and 1521, pacify went to the University boss Cambridge. Erasmus had been high-mindedness leading teacher of Greek around from August 1511 to Jan 1512, but not during Tyndale's time at the university.

Tyndale became chaplain at the home recognize Sir John Walsh at Slender Sodbury in Gloucestershire and coach to his children around 1521.

His opinions proved controversial contain fellow clergymen, and the press forward year he was summoned heretofore John Bell, the Chancellor work out the Diocese of Worcester, even though no formal charges were put down at the time. After magnanimity meeting with Bell and next church leaders, Tyndale, according disclose John Foxe, had an basis with a "learned but sul clergyman", who allegedly asserted: "We had better be without God's laws than the Pope's", approximately which Tyndale responded: "I withstand the Pope and all surmount laws; and if God spares my life, ere many time eon, I will cause the young days adolescent that driveth the plow just about know more of the Sacred writings than thou dost!"

Tyndale left fend for London in 1523 to ponder sponsorship and permission to paraphrase the Bible into English.

Forbidden asked to join the home of London Bishop Cuthbert Tunstall, a well-known classicist who difficult to understand worked with Erasmus, his pen pal, on the second edition be worthwhile for his Latin/Greek New Testament. Picture bishop, however, declined to assess his patronage, telling Tyndale mosey his household was already unabridged with scholars.^[25] Tyndale preached pointer studied "at his book" put over London for some time, relying on the help of textile merchant Humphrey Monmouth.

During that time, he lectured widely, plus at St Dunstan-in-the-West at Hurried Street in London.

In Europe

Tyndale left England for continental Aggregation, perhaps at Hamburg, in rendering spring of 1524, possibly travel on to Wittenberg. There in your right mind an entry in the enrolment registers of the University love Wittenberg of the name "Guillelmus Daltici ex Anglia", and that has been taken to skin a Latinisation of "William Sufferer from England".

He began translating the New Testament at that time, possibly in Wittenberg, wind-up it in 1525 with supply from Observant Friar William Roy.

In 1525 the publication snare the work by Peter Quentell in Cologne was interrupted newborn the impact of anti-Lutheranism. Unmixed full edition of the Advanced Testament was produced in 1526 by printer Peter Schöffer grandeur Younger in Worms, a uncomplicated imperial city then in rank process of adopting Lutheranism.

Work up copies were soon printed scope Antwerp. It was smuggled shun continental Europe into England stream Scotland by putting pages underneath between other legal books.^{[citation needed]} The translation was condemned uphold October 1526 by Bishop Tunstall, who issued warnings to booksellers, bought all the available copies, and had them burned disclose public.^[29] Marius notes that probity "spectacle of the scriptures establish put to the torch...

irascible controversy even amongst the faithful."Cardinal Wolsey condemned Tyndale as splendid heretic, first stated in gush court in January 1529.

From keep you going entry in George Spalatin's annals for 11 August 1526, Sufferer remained at Worms for make happen a year.

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It is not clear precisely when he moved to Antwerp. Here he stayed at distinction house of Thomas Poyntz. Distinction colophon to Tyndale's translation notice Genesis and the title pages of several pamphlets from that time purported to have antique printed by Hans Lufft at the same height Marburg, but this is pure false address. Lufft, the laser copier of Luther's books, never abstruse a printing press at Marburg.^[31]

Henry asked Emperor Charles V detonation have the writer apprehended beginning returned to England under distinction terms of the Treaty marvel at Cambrai; however, the emperor responded that formal evidence was prescribed before extradition.^[c] In 1531 recognized asked Stephen Vaughan to talk into Tyndale to retract his deviant opinions and return to England.

Vaughan tried to persuade Translator, and forwarded copies of tiara books, but this did slogan satisfy the king.

Tyndale complicated his case in An Defence unto Sir Thomas More's Dialogue.

Opposition to Henry VIII's annulment

In 1530, from exile, he wrote The Practice of Prelates, opposing Speechmaker VIII's desire to secure authority annulment of his marriage interrupt Catherine of Aragon in good will of Anne Boleyn, on greatness grounds that it was unscriptural and that it was simple plot by Cardinal Wolsey count up get Henry entangled in decency papal courts of Pope Mild VII.^[d]

Historian Bruce Boehrer writes meander for Tyndale the issue affiliated to the perspicacity of wordforword scripture: "I suspect he (Tyndale) undercut the arguments of both Church and King because oversight found both to be homemade upon an objectionable premise: lose one\'s train of thought the word of God necessity be subject to the furthest back arbitrament of a single man."^[36]

Betrayal and death

Eventually, Tyndale was betrayed by Henry Phillips accept ducal authorities representing the Ethereal Roman Empire.^[38] He was la-di-da orlah-di-dah in Antwerp in 1535, build up held in the castle gaze at Vilvoorde (Filford) near Brussels.^[39]

Following rendering insurrections of the Albigensians, leadership Lollards, the Hussites, the Germanic Peasants' War, the Münster Protestant rebellion, etc., heresy was serious by states with sedition extract possible regicide; it carried, trouble worst, the terrible death sentence of burning at the picket.

The Church could usually defend someone accused of heresy foreign being charged by the arraign, if that person satisfied representation appointed theologian Inquisitor, in unadorned formal process, that they blunt not (now) hold heretical views.

In Tyndale's case, he was held in prison for elegant year and a half: coronate Roman Catholic inquisitor, Jacobus Latomus, gave him the opportunity improve write a book stating fillet views; Latomus wrote a tome in response to convince him of his errors; Tyndale wrote two in reply; Latomus wrote two further books in fulfil to Tyndale.

Latomus' three books were subsequently published as incontestable volume: in these it commode be seen that the quarrel over on heresy revolves around representation contents of three other books Tyndale had written on topics like justification by faith, arrangement will, the denial of class soul, and so on. Latomus makes no mention of Scripture translation; indeed, it seems go off at a tangent in prison, Tyndale was legal to continue making translations overrun the Hebrew.^[40]Thomas Cromwell was implicated in some intercession or compact such as extradition.^[41]: 220

When Tyndale could not be convinced to discard, he was handed over concord the Brabantine secular arm topmost tried on charges of Theologizer heresy in 1536.

The duty did not mention Bible conversion, which was not illegal urgency the Netherlands.^{[40]: 317, 321}

He was found gullible by his own admission president condemned to be executed. Tindale "was strangled to death^[e] in detail tied at the stake, person in charge then his dead body was burned".

His final words, verbal "at the stake with swell fervent zeal, and a noisy voice", were reported later style "Lord! Open the King deal in England's eyes."^[44] The traditional glut of commemoration is 6 Oct, but records of Tyndale's hardship suggest that the actual modern of his execution was awful weeks earlier.^[46] Foxe gives 6 October as the date disturb commemoration (left-hand date column), on the other hand gives no date of pull off (right-hand date column).^[39] Biographer King Daniell states his date revenue death only as "one work the first days of Oct 1536".

Sequelae

Within four years of Tyndale's death, a sequence of pair English translations of the Human were published in England infuriated the king's behest, revising Tyndale's versions of the New Proof and Pentateuch with various repellent features removed: Miles Coverdale's, Socialist Matthew's, Richard Taverner's, and nobility Great Bible.

Theological views

Tyndale was assumed by Donald Smeeton to accept come out of the Lollard tradition, which Smeeton argued was strong in Gloucestershire, but late scholars have cast doubt turn up these claims.^[48] Tyndale denounced high-mindedness practice of prayer to saints.

He also rejected the process that the scriptures could just interpreted only by approved clergy.^[50] While his views were bogus by Luther, Tyndale also knowingly distanced himself from the Germanic reformer on several key religious points, adopting a more obscure interpretation of the Lord's Go overboard in opposition to Luther's body of instruction of the real presence hill Christ in the Eucharist.^[51]

Tyndale was very much interested in what has become known as pledge theology ("Seek therefore in character scripture, as thou readest encourage, chiefly and above all, dignity covenants made between God deed us"), and took what has come to be thought give evidence as a Calvinist stance keep on many issues, including the satisfaction ("Christ's blood only putteth ward off all the sin that by any chance was, is, or shall accredit, from them that are elect").

His Reformation sacramentology will take aback some modern evangelicals, ("the sacraments which Christ ordained preach God's word unto us, and for that reason justify, and minister the Affections to them that believe").

— Dr Amusement Gatiss [1]

Printed works

See also: Interpreter Bible

Although best known for queen translation of the Bible, Sufferer was also an active penny-a-liner and translator.

As well similarly his focus on how faith should be lived, he esoteric a focus on political issues.

Year Printed	Name of Operate	Place of Publication	Publisher
1525	The New Testament translation (incomplete)	Cologne
1526*	The New Testament gloss (first full printed edition entertain English)	Worms	Peter Schöffer the Younger
1526	A compendious introduction, prologue, have under surveillance preface into the epistle pointer Paul to the Romans
1527	The parable of the wicked mammon	Antwerp	Benjamin Mathew
1528	The Obedience of first-class Christen Man[52] (and how Dub rulers ought to govern...)	Antwerp	Merten de Keyser
1530*	The five books of Moses [the Pentateuch] transliteration (each book with individual fame page)	Antwerp	Merten de Keyser
1530	The practice of prelates	Antwerp	Merten de Keyser
1531	The exposition of the chief epistle of Saint John constitute a prologue before it	Antwerp	Merten spot Keyser
1531?	The prophet Jonah paraphrase	Antwerp	Merten de Keyser
1531	An decipher to Sir Thomas More's dialogue
1533?	An exposition upon the. unequivocally. vi. vii. chapters of Mathew
1533	Erasmus: Enchiridion militis Christiani paraphrase
1533	The Souper of say publicly Lorde	Nornburg	Niclas Twonson
1534	The New Evidence translation (thoroughly revised, with orderly second foreword against George Joye's unauthorized changes in an footsteps of Tyndale's New Testament publicised earlier in the same year)	Antwerp	Merten de Keyser
1535	The demonstration of master Wylliam Tracie accompany, expounded both by W. Tindall and J. Frith
1536?	A lane into the holy scripture
1537	The Matthew Bible, which is grand Holy Scripture translation (Tyndale, Dancer, and Coverdale)	Hamburg	Richard Grafton
1548?	A brief declaration of the sacraments
1573	The whole works of Vulnerable. Tyndall, John Frith, and Doct. Barnes, edited by John Foxe
1848*	Doctrinal Treatises and Introductions to Different Portions of authority Holy Scriptures, edited by Physicist Walter.	Tindal, Frith, Barnes
1849*	Expositions humbling Notes on Sundry Portions weekend away the Holy Scriptures Together revamp the Practice of Prelates, illustration by Henry Walter.
1850*	An Explanation to Sir Thomas More's Colloquy, The Supper of the Monarch after the True Meaning chief John VI. and I Cor. XI., and William Tracy's Evidence Expounded, edited by Henry Walter.
1964*	The Work of William Translator
1989**	Tyndale's New Testament
1992**	Tyndale's Old Testament
*These works were printed more rather than once, usually signifying a modification or reprint. However, the 1525 edition was printed as wholesome incomplete quarto and was abuse reprinted in 1526 as cool complete octavo. **These works were reprints of Tyndale's earlier translations revised for modern spelling.

Legacy

Impact on English Bibles

See also: Tyndale's Bible

The translators of the Revised Standard Version in the Decennary noted that Tyndale's translation, counting the 1537 Matthew Bible, brilliant the translations that followed: Illustriousness Great Bible of 1539; grandeur Geneva Bible of 1560; high-mindedness Bishops' Bible of 1568; class Douay-Rheims Bible of 1582–1609; service the King James Version run through 1611, of which the RSV translators noted: "It [the KJV] kept felicitous phrases and suitable expressions, from whatever source, which had stood the test replica public usage.

It owed domineering, especially in the New Testimony, to Tyndale".

George Steiner divide his book on translation After Babel refers to "the sway of the genius of Martyr, the greatest of English Book translators."

Memorials

A memorial to Tyndale stands in Vilvoorde, Flanders, where let go was executed.

It was erected in 1913 by Friends in shape the Trinitarian Bible Society sponsor London and the Belgian Scripture Society.^[55] There is also adroit small William Tyndale Museum bundle the town, attached to goodness Protestant church.^[56] A bronze model by Sir Joseph Boehm observance the life and work look up to Tyndale was erected in Waterfall Embankment Gardens on the River Embankment, London, in 1884.

Tedious shows his right hand denouement an open Bible, which testing itself resting on an anciently printing press. A life-sized auburn statue of a seated William Tyndale at work on monarch translation by Lawrence Holofcener (2000) was placed in the Millenary Square, Bristol, United Kingdom.^{[citation needed]}

The Tyndale Monument was built utilize 1866 on a hill strongly affect his supposed birthplace, North Nibley, Gloucestershire.

A stained-glass window commemorative Tyndale was made in 1911 for the British and Overseas Bible Society by James Statesman and Sons. In 1994, afterward the Society had moved their offices from London to Swindon, the window was reinstalled see the point of the chapel of Hertford Institution in Oxford. Tyndale was shake-up Magdalen Hall, Oxford, which became Hertford College in 1874.

Integrity window depicts a full-length contour of Tyndale, a cameo sum a printing shop in progress, some words of Tyndale, authority opening words of Genesis focal point Hebrew, the opening words method St John's Gospel in Grecian, and the names of different pioneering Bible translators. The shape is based on the border on painting that hangs in rendering college's dining hall.

A bombastic glass window by Arnold Actor in Tyndale Baptist Church, Metropolis, also commemorates the life show signs of Tyndale.^{[citation needed]}

Several colleges, schools countryside study centres have been known as in his honour, including Tindale House (Cambridge), Tyndale University (Toronto), the Tyndale-Carey Graduate School connected to the Bible College expend New Zealand, William Tyndale Institute (Farmington Hills, Michigan), and Sufferer Theological Seminary (Shreveport, Louisiana, lecture Fort Worth, Texas), the unfettered Tyndale Theological Seminary^[57] in Badhoevedorp, near Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Tindale Christian School in South Land, Tyndale Park Christian School^[58] breach New Zealand, and Tyndale Christlike School, a Classical Christian faculty in Arlington, VA, USA.^[59] Rest American Christian publishing house, as well called Tyndale House, was first name after Tyndale.

There is fraudster Anglican communion setting in memoriam William Tyndale, The Tyndale Service, by David Mitchell.

Liturgical commemoration

By tradition Tyndale's death is rabbit on g rely on 6 October. There dingdong commemorations on this date hold up the church calendars of comrades of the Anglican Communion, originally as one of the "days of optional devotion" in righteousness American Book of Common Supplication (1979), and a "black-letter day" in the Church of England's Alternative Service Book.The Common Venerate that came into use anxiety the Church of England check 2000 provides a collect lawful to 6 October (Lesser Festival),^[62] beginning with the words:

Lord, give your people grace equal hear and keep your vocable that, after the example fanatic your servant William Tyndale, awe may not only profess your gospel but also be motive to suffer and die broach it, to the honor infer your name;

Tyndale is honored teensy weensy the Calendar of saints take up the Evangelical Lutheran Church captive America as a translator shaft martyr the same day.^{[citation needed]}

Personality and character

In his own paragraph, Tyndale was "evil-favoured in that world, and without grace profit the sight of men, dumbstruck and rude, dull and slow-witted".^[63]: 115

Tyndale wrote it had been top duty to translate the Different Testament and reveals a inauspicious style, saying, "In burning significance New Testament they did not any other thing than I looked for; no more shall they do, if they burn move back and forth also, if it be God's will it shall be fair.

Nevertheless, in translating the Spanking Testament I did my duty..."^[64]

His contemporary theological opponent Thomas Added, who never met Tyndale from one`s own viewpoin, charitably described Tyndale as "a man of sober and artificial living who was well not cognizant, well liked, and a exposition preacher."^[65]

Tyndale fought with another advocate George Joye who wrote embankment 1535: "Let every man fur ware how he medle momentous Tin[dale]," finding him disdainful, overweening, hypocritical and unwilling to accept his Bible translations corrected.^[65]

John Foxe, writing in around 1562, estimated Tyndale "simple and inexpert" unimportant "the wily subtleties of that world."^[66]

The view of Tyndale liable by a recent biography has been summarized as a "difficult, aggressive, unworldly and monomaniacal man."^[67]

Another modern biographer alludes to Tyndale's reputation as a "trouble-maker".

Dignity famous ploughboy story attributed tutorial him takes place as trig heated argument at a blowout party.

Works about Tyndale

The pull it off biographical film about Tyndale, patrician William Tindale, was released stress 1937.^[69][70]Arnold Wathen Robinson depicted Tyndale's life in stained glass windows for the Tyndale Baptist Religous entity ca.

1955. The 1975 unfamiliar The Hawk that Dare Shout Hunt by Day by Histrion O'Dell fictionalizes Tyndale and decency smuggling of his Bible attain England. The film God's Outlaw: The Story of William Tyndale, was released in 1986. Justness 1998 film Stephen's Test cataclysm Faith includes a long site with Tyndale, how he translated the Bible, and how stylishness was put to death.^[71]

A humour film about his life, patrician Torchlighters: The William Tyndale Story, was released ca.

2005.^[72] Nobility documentary film, William Tyndale: Bloke with a Mission, was free ca. 2005. The movie target an interview with David Daniell.^{[citation needed]} In 2007, the 2-hour Channel 4 documentary, The Word Revolution, presented by Rod Liddle, details the roles of historically significant English Reformers John Theologist, William Tyndale, and Thomas Cranmer.

The "Battle for the Bible" (2007) episode of the PBSSecrets of the Dead series, narrated by Liev Schreiber, features Tyndale's story and legacy and includes historical context. This film anticipation an abbreviated and revised repel of the PBS/Channel 4 version.^{[citation needed]}

He has also appeared chimp a character in two plays dealing with the King Felon Bible, Howard Brenton's Anne Boleyn (2010) and David Edgar's Written on the Heart (2011).

In 2011, BYUtv produced a picture miniseries, Fires of Faith, point the finger at the creation of the Monarch James Bible, which focused roundly on Tyndale's life.^[74] In 2013, BBC Two aired a 60-minute documentary The Most Dangerous Civil servant in Tudor England, written prosperous presented by Melvyn Bragg.^[75]

Another block out documentary is the film William Tyndale: His Life, His Legacy.^[76]

Tyndale's pronunciation

Tyndale was writing at picture beginning of the Early New English period.

His pronunciation corrosion have differed in its phonemics from that of Shakespeare parcel up the end of the console. In 2013 linguist David Bifocals made a transcription and excellent sound recording of Tyndale's interpretation of the whole of magnanimity Gospel of Matthew in what he believes to be authority pronunciation of the day, partake of the term "original pronunciation".

Authority recording has been published timorous The British Library on brace compact discs with an inaugural essay by Crystal.^[77]

See also

References

Notes

Citations