Apollo biography greek mythology

Greek Mythology >> Greek Gods >> Olympian Gods >> Apollo (Apollon)

APOLLON (Apollo) was the Exceptional god of prophecy and oracles, music, song and poetry, archery, healing, plague and disease, allow the protection of the ant.

He was depicted as put in order handsome, beardless youth with scrape by hair and attributes such although a wreath and branch designate laurel, bow and quiver show signs arrows, raven, and lyre.

MYTHS

Say publicly most famous myths of Apollon include:--

His birth on greatness island of Delos. <<More>>

The liquidation of the serpent Python which guarded the oracular shrine conduct operations Delphoi (Delphi).

<<More>>

The breaking up of the giant Tityos who attempted to carry off loftiness god's mother Leto. <<More>>

The disaster of the Niobides whose idleness had offended Leto with give someone the boot boasts. <<More>>

His music match with the satyr Marsyas who lost and was flayed insomniac.

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His love for the boy Hyakinthos (Hyacinthus) who was attach by a discus throw give orders to transformed into a flower. <<More>>

His love for the nymph Nymph who fled from him status was transformed into a award tree. <<More>>

His love kindle Koronis (Coronis) who was slain by Artemis for her unfaithfulness.

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The murder of the Kyklopes (Cyclopes) who had forged class lightning bolt used to wrench his son Asklepios (Asclepius). <<More>>

His service as bondsman to interpretation mortal Admetos.

His struggle with Herakles (Heracles) for the Delphic tripod.

The Trojan War in which sharp-tasting brought plague to the Greeks and helped Paris slay Akhilleus (Achilles).

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APOLLO PAGES ON THEOI.COM

This mark contains a total of 9 pages describing the god, plus general descriptions, mythology, and body.

The content is outlined remit the Index of Apollo Pages (left column or below).

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FAMILY Custom APOLLO

PARENTS

[1.1] ZEUS & LETO(Hesiod Theogony 918, Hesiod Works & Years 770, Homer Iliad 1.9 & 21.495, Homer Odyssey 6.100 & 11.318, Homeric Hymn 27 trigger Artemis, Orphic Hymn 35, Poet Nemean Ode 6 & 8, Pindar Processional Song on Delos, Callimachus Hymn to Artemis & Hymn to Delos, Apollodorus 1.21 & 3.46, Pausanias 8.9.1 & 8.53.1.

Hyginus Fabulae 9 & 140, et al)
[1.2] ZEUS(Innumerable other sources)

OFFSPRING

See Family of Apollon

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Below are two graphics depicting Apollon's family tree, the first be a sign of names transliterated from the Hellene and the second with nobility common English spellings:-

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ENCYCLOPEDIA

APOLLO, one counterfeit the great divinities of significance Greeks, was, according to Kor (Il. i.

21, 36), illustriousness son of Zeus and Latona. Hesiod (Theog. 918) states description same, and adds, that Apollo′s sister was Artemis. Neither marvel at the two poets suggests anything in regard to the birth-place of the god, unless phenomenon take Lukêgenês (Il. iv. 101) in the sense of "born in Lycia," which, however, according to others, would only compromise "born of or in light." Several towns and places presumed the honour of his extraction, as we see from diversified local traditions mentioned by vilification writers.

Thus the Ephesians alleged that Apollo and Artemis were born in the grove jump at Ortygia near Ephesus (Tacit. Annal. iii. 61); the inhabitants enjoy yourself Tegyra in Boeotia and prime Zoster in Attica claimed class same honour for themselves. (Steph. Byz. s.v. Tegura.) In many of these local traditions Phoebus is mentioned alone, and rephrase others together with his look after Artemis.

The account of Apollo′s parentage, too, was not high-mindedness same in all traditions (Cic. de Nat. Deor. iii. 23), and the Egyptians made scrape out that he was a stripling of Dionysus and Isis. (Herod. ii. 156.) But the picture most universally received was, think it over Apollo, the son of Zeus and Leto, was born speck the island of Delos, tally up with his sister Artemis; current the circumstances of his childbirth there are detailed in character Homeric hymn on Apollo, take up in that of Callimachus subsidize Delos.

(Comp. Apollod. i. 4. § 1; Hygin. Fab. 140.) Hera in her jealousy follow Leto from land to terra firma and from isle to island, and endeavoured to prevent squash up finding a resting-place where obviate give birth. At last, notwithstanding, she arrived in Delos, in she was kindly received, limit after nine days′ labour she gave birth to Apollo mess up a palm or an olive tree at the foot disregard mount Cynthus.

She was aided by all the goddesses, object Hera and Eileithyia, but excellence latter too hastened to give her aid, as soon translation she heard what was attractive place. The island of Delos, which previous to this episode had been unsteady and n the fence on or buried under glory waves of the sea, important became stationary, and was stuck to the roots of leadership earth.

(Comp. Virg. Aen. threesome. 75.) The day of Apollo′s birth was believed to own acquire been the seventh of rank month, whence he is titled hebdomagenês. (Plut. Sympos. 8.) According to some traditions, he was a seven months′ child (heptamênaios). The number seven was blessed to the god; on glory seventh of every month sacrifices were offered to him (hebdomagetês, Aeschyl.

Sept. 802; comp. Callim. Hymn. in Del. 250, &c.), and his festivals usually crust on the seventh of top-hole month. Immediately after his lineage, Apollo was fed with composition and nectar by Themis, charge no sooner had he tasted the divine food, than recognized sprang up and demanded organized lyre and a bow, splendid declared, that henceforth he would declare to men the desire of Zeus.

Delos exulted give up joy, and covered herself proper golden flowers. (Comp. Theognis, 5, &c.; Eurip. Hecub. 457, &c.)

Apollo, though one of high-mindedness great gods of Olympus, shambles yet represented in some comradeship of dependence on Zeus, who is regarded as the shaft fount of the powers exercised unresponsive to his son.

The powers ascribed to Apollo are apparently matching different kinds, but all proposal connected with one another, essential may be said to give somebody the job of only ramifications of one impressive the same, as will cast doubt on seen from the following classification.

Apollo is -- 1. the spirit who punishes and destroys (oulios) the wicked and overbearing, cranium as such he is declared as the god with prostration and arrows, the gift quite a few Hephaestus.

(Hom. Il. i. 42, xxiv.605, Od. xi. 318, xv. 410, &c.; comp. Pind. Pyth. iii. 15, &c.) Various epithets given to him in say publicly Homeric poems, such as hekatos, hekaergos, hekêbolos, ekatêbolos, klutotoxos, advocate argurotoxos, refer to him translation the god who with crown darts hits his object renounce a distance and never misses it.

All sudden deaths disregard men, whether they were supposed as a punishment or fastidious reward, were believed to breed the effect of the arrows of Apollo; and with character same arrows he sent influence plague into the camp invoke the Greeks. Hyginus relates, defer four days after his outset, Apollo went to mount Liakoura, and there killed the monster Python, who had pursued mother during her wanderings, formerly she reached Delos.

He shambles also said to have aided Zeus in his contest get together the giants. (Apollod, i. 6. § 2.) The circumstance delightful Apollo being the destroyer all but the wicked was believed fail to see some of the ancients commend have given rise to circlet name Apollo, which they adjacent with apollumi, "to destroy." (Aeschyl.

Agam. 1081.) Some modern writers, on the other hand, who consider the power of shunning evil to have been grandeur original and principal feature monitor his character, say that Apollôn, i. e. Apellôn, (from magnanimity root pello), signifies the demigod who drives away evil, extort is synonymous with alexikakas, Acesius, Acestor, sôtêr, and other calumny and epithets applied to Apollo.

2.

The god who affords edifying and wards off evil. Whilst he had the power funding visiting men with plagues come to rest epidemics, so he was additionally able to deliver men stay away from them, if duly propitiated, shabby at least by his oracles to suggest the means moisten which such calamities could last averted.

Various names and epithets which are given to Apollo, remarkably by later writers, such importation akesios, akestôr, alexikakos, sôtêr, apotropaios, epikourios, iatromantis, and others, restrain descriptive of this power.

(Paus. i. 3. § 3, vi. 24. § 5, viii. 41. § 5; Plut. de Ei ap. Delph. 21, de Speck. Orac. 7; Aeschyl. Eum.. 62; comp. Müller, Dor. ii. 6. § 3.) It seems close be the idea of monarch being the god who afforded help, that made him glory father of Asclepius, the maker of the healing art, weather that, at least in after times, identified him with Pacëon, the god of the behaviour towards art in Homer.

3.

The divinity of prophecy. Apollo exercised that power in his numerous oracles, and especially in that have a phobia about Delphi. (Dict. of Ant. ferocious. v. Oraculum) The source on the way out all his prophetic powers was Zeus himself (Apollodorus states, wind Apollo received the mantikê bring forth Pan), and Apollo is in consequence whereof called "the prophet of king father Zeus." (Aeschyl.

Eum. 19); but he had nevertheless primacy power of communicating the volume of prophecy both to terrace and men, and all justness ancient seers and prophets superfluous placed in some relationship elect him. (Hom. Il. i. 72, Hymn. in Merc. 3, 471.) The manner in which Phoebus came into the possession have fun the oracle of Delphi (Pytho) is related differently.

According keep Apollodorus, the oracle had then been in the possession be keen on Themis, and the dragon Python guarded the mysterious chasm, give orders to Apollo, after having slain significance monster, took possession of prestige oracle. According to Hyginus, Python himself possessed the oracle; patch Pausanias (x. 3. § 5) states, that it belonged cause somebody to Gaea and Poseidon in customary.

(Comp. Eurip. Iphig. Taur. 1246, &c.; Atlen. xv. p. 701; Ov. Met. i. 439; Apollon. Rhod. ii. 706.)

4. The demigod of song and music. Miracle find him in the Epic (i. 603) delighting the imperishable gods with his play have fun the phorminx during their victuals ; and the Homeric bards derived their art of put a label on either from Apollo or illustriousness Muses.

(Od. viii. 488, better Eustath.) Later traditions ascribed save Apollo even the invention cut into the flute and lyre (Callim. Hymn. in Del. 253; Plut. de Mus.), while the make more complicated common tradition was, that take action received the lyre from Harbinger. Ovid Heroid. xvi. 180) brews Apollo build the walls bargain Troy by playing on representation lyre, as Amphion did depiction walls of Thebes.

Respecting her highness musical contests, see Marsyas.

5. The god who protects the have an impact and cattle (nomios Deos, circumvent nomos or nomê, a field or pasture land). Homer (Il. ii. 766) says, that Phoebus reared the swift steeds lacking Eumelus Pheretiades in Pieria, gain according to the Homeric song of praise to Hermes (22, 70, &c.) the herds of the balcony fed in Pieria under high-mindedness care of Apollo.

At honourableness command of Zeus, Apollo circumspect the cattle of Laomedon captive the valleys of mount Ida. (ll. xxi. 488.) There object in Homer only a loss of consciousness allusions to this feature advocate the character of Apollo, nevertheless in later writers it assumes a very prominent form (Pind.

Pyth. ix. 114; Callim. Hymn. in Apoll. 50, &c.); very last in the story of Phoebus tending the flocks of Admetus at Pherae in Thessaly, take a breather the banks of the swarm Amphrysus, the idea reaches betrayal height. (Apollod. i. 9. &sec; 15; Eurip. Alcest. 8; Tibull. ii. 3. 11; Virg. Georg. iii.

2.)

6. The god who delights in the foundation illustrate towns and the establishment innumerable civil constilutions. His assistance keep in check the building of Troy was mentioned above; respecting his alliance in raising the walls ticking off Megara. Pindar (Pyth. v. 80) calls Apollo the archêgetês, blurry the leader of the Dorians in their migration to Peloponnesus; and this idea, as ablebodied as the one that illegal delighted in the foundation delightful cities.

seems to be affectionately connected with the circumstance, make certain a town or a dependency was never founded by loftiness Greeks without consulting an diviner of Apollo, so that compromise every case he became, importance it were, their spiritual chief. The epithets ktistês and oikistês (see Böckh, ad Pind.

l.e.) refer to this part wear the character of Apollo.

These capabilities of Apollo necessarily appear household a peculiar light, if surprise adopt the view which was almost universal among the succeeding poets, mythographers, and philesophers, prosperous according to which Apollo was identical with Helios, or leadership Sun.

In Homer and accommodate some centuries after his gaining Apollo and Helios are perfectiy distinet. The question which wisdom presents itself, is, whether character idea of the identity treat the two divinities was loftiness original and primitive one, challenging was only revival in next times, or whether it was the result of later speeulations and of foreign, chiefly African, influence.

Each of these duo opinions has had its sordid advocates. The former, which has been maintained by Buttmann gift Hermann, is supported by pungent arguments. In the time jurisdiction Callimachus, some persons distinguished betwixt Apollo and Helios, for which they were censured by interpretation poet. (Fragm. 48, ed. Bentley.) Pausanias (vii.

23. &sec; 6) states, that he met first-class Sidonian who declared the combine gods to be identical, turf Pausanias adds that this was quite in accordance with decency belief of the Greeks. (Comp. Strab. xiv. p. (635; Plut. de Ei ap. Delph. 4, de Def.Orae. 7.) It has further been said, that allowing Apollo be regarded as depiction Sun, the powers and capabilities which we have enumerated condescending are easily explained and estimated for; that the surname flaxen Phoibos (the shining or brilliant), which is frequently applied holiday Apollo in the Homeric poetry, points to the sun; gift lastly, that the traditions en route for the Hyperboreans and their honour of Apollo bear the duct marks of their regarding high-mindedness god in the same stem.

(Alcaeus, ap. Himer. xiv. 10; Diod. ii. 47.) Still bigger stress is laid on primacy fact that the Egyptian Horus was regarded as identical condemn Apollo (Herod. ii. 144, 156 ; Diod. i. 25; Plut. de Is. et Os. 12, 61; Aelian, Hist. An. check out. 14), as Horus is for the most part considered as the god endorse the burning sun.

Those who adopt this view derive Phoebus from the East or bring forth Egypt, and regard the Hellene Apollôn patrôios as the immortal who was brought to District by the Egyptian colony botched job Cecrops. Another set of finance derives the worship of Phoebus from the very opposite fourth of the world -- superior the country of the Hyperboreans, that is, a nation excitement beyond the point where significance north wind rises, and whose country is in consequence ascendant happy and fruitful.

According survive a fragment of an dated Doric hymn in Pausanias (x. 5. § 4), the augur of Delphi was founded gross Hyperboreans and Olenus ; Latona, too, is said to be born with come from the Hyperboreans call on Delos, and Eileithyia likewise. (Herod. iv. 33, &c.; Paus. beside oneself. 18. § 4; Diod. ii. 47.) The Hyperboreans, says Diodorus, worship Apollo more zealously outstrip any other people; they be conscious of all priests of Apollo; helpful town in their country evolution sacred to Apollo, and warmth inhabitants are for the principal part players on the lyre.

(Comp. Pind. pyth. x. 55, &c.)

These opposite accounts respecting greatness original seat of the deify of Apollo might lead twitch to suppose, that they pertain to two distinct divinities, which were in the course invite time united into one, variety indeed Cicero (de Nat. Deor. iii. 23) distinguishes four dissimilar Apollos.

Müller has rejected lid decidedly and justly the idea, that Apollo was derived shun Egypt; but he rejects unexpected defeat the same time, without too satisfactory reasons, the opinion prowl Apollo was connected with interpretation worship of nature or whatsoever part of it; for, according to him, Apollo is practised purely spiritual divinity, and afar above all the other balcony of Olympus.

As regards decency identity of Apollo and Bask, he justly remarks, that deter would be a strange occurrence if this identity should be endowed with fallen into oblivion for diverse centuries, and then have antediluvian revived. This objection is in reality strong, but not insurmountable provided we recollect the tendency slope the Greeks to change clever peculiar attribute of a spirit into a separate divinity; attend to this process, in regard go to see Helios and Apollo, seems understanding have taken place previous show the time of Homer.

Müller′s view of Apollo, which psychotherapy at least very ingenious, give something the onceover briefly this. The original president essential feature in the club together of Apollo is that livestock "the averter of evil" (Apellôn); he is originally a study peculiar to the Doric race; and the most ancient places of his worship are high-mindedness Thessalian Tempe and Delphi.

Go over the top with thence it was transplanted be a consequence Crete, the inhabitants of which spread it over the coasts of Asia Minor and faculties of the continent of Ellas, such as Boeotia and Territory. In the latter country knock down was introduced during the inmigration of the Ionians, whence rectitude god became the Apollôn patrpsos of the Athenians.

The conclusion of Peloponnesus by the Dorians raised Apollo to the point of the principal divinity require the peninsula. The Apollôn nomios was originally a local righteousness of the shepherds of Arcadia, who was transformed into essential identified with the Dorian Phoebus during the process in which the latter became the public divinity of the Peloponnesians.

Encircle the same manner as speedy this instance the god expropriated the character of a demigod of herds and flocks, sovereignty character was changed and alternative in other parts of Ellas also : with the Hyperboreans he was the god be bought prophecy, and with the Cretans the god with bow existing darts. In Egypt he was made to form a restrain of their astronomical system, which was afterwards introduced into Ellas, where it became the ubiquitous opinion of the learned.

But what on earth we may think of that and other modes of explaining the origin and nature remark Apollo, one point is identify with and attested by thousands personal facts, that Apollo and queen worship, his festivals and oracles, had more influence upon magnanimity Greeks than any other deity.

It may safely be described, that the Greeks would not till hell freezes over have become what they were, without the worship of Phoebus : in him the brightest side of the Grecian take into consideration is reflected. Respecting his festivals, see Dict. of Ant. inhuman. v. Apollônia, Thargelia, and others.

In the religion of the initially Romans there is no pursue of the worship of Phoebus.

The Romans became acquainted tally up this divinity through the Creeks, and adopted all their suntan and ideas about him spread the latter people. There denunciation no doubt that the Book knew of his worship halfway the Greeks at a observe early time, and tradition says that they consulted his clairvoyant at Delphi even before position expulsion of the kings.

On the other hand the first time that miracle hear of the worship slow Apollo at Rome is instruction the year B. C. 430, when, for the purpose near averting a plague, a house of god was raised to him, cranium soon after dedicated by character consul, C. Julius. (Liv. iv. 25, 29.) A second mosque was built to him neat the year B.

C. 350. One of these two (it is not certain which) ordinary outside the porta Capena. Midst the second Punic war, increase twofold B. C. 212, the ludi Apollinares were instituted in gaze of Apollo. (Liv. xxv. 12; Macrob. Sat. i. 17; Dict. of Ant. s. v. Ludi Apollinares; comp. Ludi Sweculares.) Probity worship of this divinity, despite that, did not form a upturn prominent part in the dogma of the Romans till loftiness time of Augustus, who, aft the battle of Actium, battle-cry only dedicated to him out portion of the spoils, nevertheless built or embellished his house of worship at Actium, and founded span new one at Rome continue the Palatine, and instituted quinquennial games at Actium.

(Suet. Aug. 31, 52; Dict. of Assistant. s. v. Aktia.)

Apollo, the staterun divinity of the Greeks, was of course represented in integral the ways which the bendy arts were capable of. Pass for the ideas of the spirit became gradually and more crucial more fully developed, so sovereign representations in works of break up rose from a rude robust image to the perfect saint of youthful manliness, so depart he appeared to the ancients in the light of put in order twin brother of Aphrodite.

(Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 4. § 10.) The most beautiful be first celebrated among the extant representations of Apollo are the Phoebus of Belvedere at Rome, which was discovered in 1503 swot Rettuno (Mus. Pio-Clem. i. 14, 15), and the Apollino accessible Florence. In the Apollo preceding Belvedere, the god is self-styled with commanding but serene majesty; sublime intellect and physical saint are combined in it ploy the most wonderful manner.

Rendering forehead is higher than hut other ancient figures, and check up it there is a dyad of locks, while the interconnected of his hair flows readily down on his neck. Righteousness limbs are well proportioned most important harmonious, the muscles are mewl worked out too strongly, extract at the hips the renown is rather thin in comparison to the breast.

Source: Dictionary chastisement Greek and Roman Biography bear Mythology.

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CLASSICAL LITERATURE QUOTES

HYMNS TO APOLLO

I) THE HOMERIC HYMNS

Homeric Hymn 3 to Pythian Apollo (trans.

Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C7th to Quaternary B.C.) :
"O Lord [Apollon], Lykia (Lycia) is yours current lovely Maionian (Maeonian) and Miletos (Miletus), charming city by leadership sea, but over wave-girt Delos you greatly reign your accident self. Leto's all-glorious son goes to rocky Pytho, playing atop his hollow lure, clad riposte divine, perfumed garments; and luck the touch of the fortunate key his lyre sings responsible.

Thence, swift as thought, recognized speeds from earth to Olympos, to the house of Zeus, to join the gathering wait the other gods: then immediately the undying gods think one of the lyre and tag, and all the Mousai (Muses) together, voice sweetly answering demand for payment, hymn the unending gifts prestige gods enjoy and the sufferings of men .

. . Meanwhile the rich-tressed Kharites (Charites, Graces) and cheerful Horai (Horae, Seasons) dance with Harmonia take Hebe and Aphrodite, daughter souk Zeus, holding each other surpass the wrist. And among them sings one . . . Artemis who delights in arrows, sister of Apollon. Among them sport Ares and the eagle-eyed Argeiphontes [Hermes], while Apollon plays his lure stepping high talented featly and radiance shines state publicly him, the gleaming of circlet feet and close-woven vest.

Perch they, even gold-tressed Leto weather wise Zeus, rejoice in their great hearts as they phrase their dear son playing halfway the undying gods."

Homeric Hymn 21 to Apollo :
"Phoibos (Phoebus) [Apollon], of you even distinction swan sings with clear words to the beating of wings, as he alights stare the bank by the eddying river Peneios; and of order around the sweet-tongued minstrel, holding sovereign high-pitched lyre, always sings both first and last.

And straight-faced hail to you lord! Berserk seek your favour with sweaty song."

II) THE ORPHIC HYMNS

Orphic Anthem 34 to Apollo (trans. Taylor) (Greek hymns C3rd B.C. take care of 2nd A.D.) :
"To Apollon. Blest Paian (Paean), come, appropriate to my prayer, illustrious independence, whom Memphian tribes revere, Tityoktonos (Slayer of Tityos), and class god of Health, Lykoreus (Lycoreus), Phoibos (Phoebus), fruitful source doomed wealth: Pytheion (Pythian), golden-lyred, goodness field from thee receives spoil constant rich fertility.

Titan, Gryneion, Smyntheus, thee I sing, Pythoktonos (Python-Slayer), hallowed, Delphion king: pastoral, light-bearing Daimon, and Mousagetos (Leader of the Muses), noble talented lovely, armed with arrows dread: far-darting, Bakkhion (Bacchian), twofold abide divine, power far diffused, survive course oblique is thine.

Intelligence Delion king, whose light-producing optic views all within, and beggar beneath the sky; whose shock are gold, whose oracles attack sure, who omens good revealest, and precepts pure; hear insist on entreating for he human congenial, hear, and be present add benignant mind; for thou surveyest this boundless aither all, additional every part of this indefinite ball abundant, blessed; and debatable piercing sight extends beneath depiction gloomy, silent night; Beyond blue blood the gentry darkness, starry-eyed, profound, the fare roots, deep-fixed by thee, roll found.

The world's wide underestimate, all-flourishing, are thine, thyself suggest all the source and ersatz divine. 'Tis thine all nature's music to inspire with various-sounding, harmonious lyre: now the carry on string thou tunest to become fully grown accord, divinely warbling, now say publicly highest chord; the immortal prosperous lyre, now touched by thee, responsive yields a Dorian refrain.

All nature's tribes to thee their difference owe, and different seasons from thy music flow: hence, mixed by thee subtract equal parts, advance summer last winter in alternate dance; that claims the highest, that decency lowest string, the Dorian authority tunes the lovely spring: then by mankind Pan royal, two-horned named, shrill winds emitting indemnity the syrinx famed; since almost thy care the figured seal's consigned, which stamps the globe with forms of every approachable.

Hear me, blest power, roost in these rites rejoice, tube save thy mystics with unornamented suppliant voice."

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PHYSICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF APOLLO

Classical literature provides only a bloody, brief descriptions of the worldly characteristics of the gods.

Philostratus goodness Elder, Imagines 2.

19 (trans. Fairbanks) (Greek rhetorician C3rd A.D.) :
"As for the unquestionable of the god [Apollon], of course is represented as unshorn, disheartened boy, and with his hardened fastened up so that subside may box with girt-up head; rays of light rise bring forth about his brow and emperor cheek emits a smile dissimilar with wrath; keen is nobility glance of his eyes style it follows his uplifted hands."

Philostratus the Younger, Imagines 14 (trans.

Fairbanks) (Greek rhetorician C3rd A.D.) :
"[From a description clamour an ancient Greek painting:] Territory is the god [Apollon], finished as usual with unshorn locks; he lifts a radiant air above eyes that shine passion rays of light."

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ANCIENT GREEK & ROMAN ART

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SOURCES (ALL Phoebus PAGES)

GREEK

• Hesiod, Catalogues of Women Fragments- Greek Epic C8th - Ordinal B.C.
• Hesiod, Great Eoiae Fragments- European Epic C8th - 7th B.C.
• The Homeric Hymns- Greek Epic C8th - 4th B.C.
• Pindar, Odes - Greek Lyric C5th B.C.
• Aeschylus, Supplicatory Women - Greek Tragedy C5th B.C.
• Herodotus, Histories - Greek Portrayal C5th B.C.
• Ctesias, Persica - Grecian History C5th B.C.
• Plato, Phaedo - Greek Philosophy C4th B.C.
• Apollodorus, Interpretation Library - Greek Mythography C2nd A.D.
• Apollonius Rhodius, The Argonautica - Greek Epic C3rd B.C.
• Callimachus, Hymns- Greek Poetry C3rd B.C.
• Callimachus, Detritus - Greek Poetry C3rd B.C.
• Parthenius, Love Romances- Greek Mythography C1st B.C.
• Diodorus Siculus, The Library loosen History- Greek History C1st B.C.
• Strabo, Geography - Greek Geography C1st B.C.

  - C1st A.D.

• Pausanias, Breed of Greece- Greek Travelogue C2nd A.D.
• Antoninus Liberalis, Metamorphoses - Grecian Mythography C2nd A.D.
• The Orphic Hymns- Greek Hymns C3rd B.C. - C2nd A.D.
• Aelian, On Animals - Greek Natural History C2nd - 3rd A.D.
• Aelian, Historical Miscellany - Greek Rhetoric C2nd - Tertiary A.D.
• Philostratus the Elder, Imagines- Hellenic Rhetoric C3rd A.D.
• Philostratus the Erstwhile, Imagines- Greek Rhetoric C3rd A.D.
• Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana - Greek Biography C2nd A.D.
• Ptolemy Hephaestion, New History - Grecian Mythography C1st - 2nd A.D.
• Nonnus, Dionysiaca- Greek Epic C5th A.D.
• Colluthus, The Rape of Helen- Hellenic Epic C5th - 6th A.D.
• Greek Papyri III Anonymous, Fragments - Greek Poetry C4th A.D.

ROMAN

• Hyginus, Fabulae- Latin Mythography C2nd A.D.
• Hyginus, Astronomica- Latin Mythography C2nd A.D.
• Ovid, Metamorphoses - Latin Epic C1st B.C.

  - C1st A.D.

• Ovid, Fasti - Latin Poetry C1st B.C. - C1st A.D.
• Ovid, Heroides- Latin Method C1st B.C. - C1st A.D.
• Virgil, Georgics- Latin Bucolic C1st B.C.
• Pliny the Elder, Natural History - Latin Encyclopedia C1st A.D.
• Seneca, Troades- Latin Tragedy C1st A.D.
• Statius, Thebaid- Latin Epic C1st A.D.

BYZANTINE

• Photius, Myriobiblon - Byzantine Greek Scholar C9th A.D.
• Suidas, The Suda - Convoluted Greek Lexicon C10th A.D.

OTHER SOURCES

Other sources not quoted here: numerous.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A complete bibliography of the translations quoted on this page.