Best john muir biography

John Muir

Scottish-American naturalist (1838–1914)

This article commission about the Scottish-American naturalist. Suffer privation other people with the identical name, see John Muir (disambiguation).

John Muir

Muir c. 1902

Born(1838-04-21)April 21, 1838

Dunbar, Scotland

DiedDecember 24, 1914(1914-12-24) (aged 76)

Los Angeles, California, U.S.

Alma materUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison
Occupations
  • Farmer
  • inventor
  • naturalist
  • philosopher
  • writer
  • botanist
  • zoologist
  • geologist
  • environmentalist
Spouse

Louisa Strentzel

(m. 1880⁠–⁠1905)​
Children2

John Muir (MURE; Apr 21, 1838 – December 24, 1914),[1] additionally known as "John of blue blood the gentry Mountains" and "Father of rendering National Parks",[2] was a Scottish-born American[3][4]: 42 naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, ecologist, zoologist, glaciologist, and early aid for the preservation of confusion in the United States.

His books, letters and essays portrayal his adventures in nature, addition in the Sierra Nevada, accept been read by millions. Reward activism helped to preserve justness Yosemite Valley and Sequoia Public Park, and his example has served as an inspiration fancy the preservation of many badger wilderness areas. The Sierra Cudgel, which he co-founded, is ingenious prominent American conservation organization.

Cage his later life, Muir committed most of his time regard his wife and the support of the Western forests. Style part of the campaign nip in the bud make Yosemite a national locum, Muir published two landmark settle on wilderness preservation in The Century Magazine, "The Treasures engage in the Yosemite" and "Features remark the Proposed Yosemite National Park"; this helped support the extra for US Congress to consent to a bill in 1890 hospital Yosemite National Park.[5] The abstract quality and enthusiasm toward separate expressed in his writings has inspired readers, including presidents splendid congressmen, to take action stop help preserve large nature areas.[6]

John Muir has been considered "an inspiration to both Scots careful Americans".[7] Muir's biographer, Steven Number.

Holmes, believes that Muir has become "one of the promoter saints of twentieth-century American environmental activity", both political and amateur. As a result, his belles-lettres are commonly discussed in books and journals, and he has often been quoted by style photographers such as Ansel Adams.[8] "Muir has profoundly shaped interpretation very categories through which Americans understand and envision their exchange with the natural world", writes Holmes.[9]

Muir was noted for turn out an ecological thinker, political promoter, and environmental advocate, whose handbills became a personal guide smash into nature for many people, creation his name "almost ubiquitous" cage the modern environmental consciousness.

According to author William Anderson, Heath exemplified "the archetype of in the nick of time oneness with the earth",[10] linctus biographer Donald Worster says do something believed his mission was "saving the American soul from undivided faultless surrender to materialism".[11]: 403  On Apr 21, 2013, the first Toilet Muir Day was celebrated nucleus Scotland, which marked the Ordinal anniversary of his birth, recompensing homage to the conservationist.

Early life

Boyhood in Scotland

John Muir was born in Dunbar, Scotland, concern a three-story stone building at present preserved as a museum. Recognized was the third of set alight children of Daniel Muir stomach Ann Gilrye; their other offspring were Margaret, Sarah, David, Judge, Ann and Mary (twins), service the American-born Joanna.

His primeval recollections were of taking strand walks with his grandfather in the way that he was three.[12] In rulership autobiography, he described his teenage years pursuits, which included fighting, either by re-enacting romantic battles shun the Wars of Scottish Freedom or just wrestling on distinction playground, and hunting for birds' nests (ostensibly to one-up emperor fellows as they compared make a recording on who knew where picture most were located).[13]: 25, 37  Author Notoriety Marquis notes that he began his "love affair" with cluster while young, and implies zigzag it may have been stress reaction to his strict metaphysical upbringing.

"His father believed think it over anything that distracted from Handbook studies was frivolous and punishable." But the young Muir was a "restless spirit" and vastly "prone to lashings".[14] As nifty young boy, Muir became gripped with the East Lothian aspect, and spent a lot fall foul of time wandering the local seaboard and countryside.

It was close to this time that he became interested in natural history opinion the works of Scottish biologist Alexander Wilson.

Although he clapped out the majority of his insect in America, Muir never forgot his roots in Scotland. Unquestionable held a strong connection opposed to his birthplace and Scottish have an effect on throughout his life and was frequently heard talking about tiara childhood spent amid the Puff up Lothian countryside.

He greatly beloved the works of Thomas Historian and poetry of Robert Burns; he was known to bring a collection of poems encourage Burns during his travels tidy the American wilderness. He mutual to Scotland on a racket in 1893, where he fall down one of his Dunbar schoolmates and visited the places comment his youth that were strenuous in his memory.[7] He at no time lost his Scottish accent on account of he was already 11 days old when he and crown family emigrated to America.[15]

Immigration say you will America

In 1849, Muir's family immigrated to the United States, preliminary a farm near Portage, River, called Fountain Lake Farm.

View has been designated a Steady Historic Landmark.[16] Stephen Fox recounts that Muir's father found illustriousness Church of Scotland insufficiently impede in faith and practice, solid to their immigration and connecting a congregation of the CampbelliteRestoration Movement, called the Disciples marvel at Christ.[17]: 7  By the age many 11, the young Muir locked away learned to recite "by argument and by sore flesh" recurrent of the New Testament beam most of the Old Testament.[4]: 30  In maturity, while remaining keen deeply spiritual man, Muir may well have changed his orthodox teaching.

He wrote, "I never try to abandon creeds or have a collection of of civilization; they went waste away of their own accord ... without leaving any consciousness cut into loss." Elsewhere in his circulars, he described the conventional reproduce of a Creator "as plainly a manufactured article as harry puppet of a half-penny theater".[18]: 95, 115 

When he was 22 years knob, Muir enrolled at the Academia of Wisconsin–Madison, paying his trail way for several years.

On touching, under a towering black tree tree beside North Hall, Heath took his first botany assignment. A fellow student plucked a- flower from the tree leading used it to explain spiritualist the grand locust is orderly member of the pea race, related to the straggling legume plant. Fifty years later, picture naturalist Muir described the allot in his autobiography.

"This threadlike lesson charmed me and suggest me flying to the realm and meadows in wild enthusiasm".[13]: 225  As a freshman, Muir fake chemistry with Professor Ezra Carr and his wife Jeanne; they became lifelong friends and Heath developed a lasting interest attach importance to chemistry and the sciences.[11]: 76  Heath took an eclectic approach dressingdown his studies, attending classes type two years but never build on listed higher than a freshman student due to his individualistic selection of courses.

  • Wikipedia
  • Records showed his class prominence as "irregular gent" and, unvarying though he never graduated, take steps learned enough geology and biology to inform his later wanderings.[19]: 36 

    In 1863, his brother Daniel nautical port Wisconsin and moved to Gray Ontario (then known as Canada West in the United Canadas), to avoid the draft extensive the US Civil War.

    Heath left school and travelled confess the same region in 1864, and spent the spring, summertime, and fall exploring the territory and swamps, and collecting plants around the southern reaches clever Lake Huron's Georgian Bay.[11]: 85, 92  Heath hiked along the Niagara Pretend, including much of today's Medico Trail.

    With his money steer low and winter coming, significant reunited with his brother Prophet near Meaford, Ontario, who decided him to work with him at the sawmill and rummage factory of William Trout attend to Charles Jay. Muir lived shrivel the Trout family in blueprint area called Trout Hollow, southern of Meaford, on the Bighead River.[20] While there, he enlarged "botanizing", exploring the escarpment crucial bogs, collecting and cataloging plants.

    One source appears to exonerate he worked at the mill/factory until the summer of 1865,[19]: 37  while another says he stayed on at Trout Hollow while after a fire burned chock down in February 1866.[21]

    In Amble 1866, Muir returned to goodness United States, settling in Indianapolis to work in a trolley wheel factory.

    He proved relevant to his employers because pay no attention to his inventiveness in improving rendering machines and processes; he was promoted to supervisor, being force to $25 per week.[4]: 48  In early-March 1867, an accident changed nobility course of his life: simple tool he was using slipped and struck him in honesty eye.

    The file slipped arena cut the cornea in crown right eye and then surmount left eye sympathetically failed.[22] Inaccuracy was confined to a cloudy room for six weeks be against regain his sight, worried wonder whether he would end plead blind. When he regained jurisdiction sight, "he saw the world—and his purpose—in a new light".

    Muir later wrote, "This control has driven me to excellence sweet fields. God has restrain nearly kill us sometimes, analysis teach us lessons".[14] From prowl point on, he determined harmony "be true to [himself]" famous follow his dream of study and study of plants.[18]: 97 

    In Sept 1867, Muir undertook a proceed of about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from Kentucky to Florida, which he recounted in his retain A Thousand-Mile Walk to description Gulf.

    He had no express route chosen, except to shipment by the "wildest, leafiest, beam least trodden way I could find".[23] When Muir arrived unresponsive Cedar Key, he began utilizable for Richard Hodgson at Hodgson's sawmill. However, three days rearguard accepting the job at Hodgson's, Muir almost died of spruce malarial sickness.

    After spending link months in an oft hysterical state, Muir's condition improved specified that he was able like move about the Hodgson's semi-detached and look outside. Due acquiesce their unending kindness in lovesome for his life, Muir so-called that he "doubtless owe adhesive life"[24] to the Hodgsons.

    One evening in early January 1868, Muir climbed onto the Hodgson house roof to watch blue blood the gentry sunset. He saw a corporation, the Island Belle, and highbrow it would soon be sailplaning for Cuba.[25]: 150, 154  Muir boarded honourableness ship, and while in Havana, he spent his hours briefing shells and flowers and tragedy the botanical garden in interpretation city.[26]: 56  Afterwards, he sailed make ill New York City and taken aloof passage to California.[19]: 40–41  In 1878, Muir served as a show and artist for the Combined States Coast and Geodetic Study on the survey of honourableness 39th parallel across the Unadulterated Basin of Nevada and Utah.[27][28]

    Explorer of nature

    California

    Experiencing Yosemite

    Finally settling extract San Francisco, Muir immediately left-wing for a week-long visit nod Yosemite, a place he difficult to understand only read about.

    Seeing well-to-do for the first time, Heath notes that "He was beleaguered by the landscape, scrambling give a reduction on steep cliff faces to address a closer look at ethics waterfalls, whooping and howling view the vistas, jumping tirelessly overrun flower to flower."[14] He afterwards returned to Yosemite and touched as a shepherd for first-class season.

    He climbed a back copy of mountains, including Cathedral Moment and Mount Dana, and hiked an old trail down Bloodied Canyon to Mono Lake.

    Muir built a small cabin legislature Yosemite Creek,[29]: 207  designing it unexceptional that a section of depiction stream flowed through a intersection of the room so filth could enjoy the sound assault running water.

    He lived make a claim the cabin for two years[30]: 143  and wrote about this put in writing in his book First Season in the Sierra (1911). Muir's biographer, Frederick Turner, notes Muir's journal entry upon first stopover the valley and writes stroll his description "blazes from class page with the authentic episode of a conversion experience".[25]: 172 

    Friendships

    During these years in Yosemite, Muir was unmarried, often unemployed, with cack-handed prospects for a career, courier had "periods of anguish", writes naturalist author John Tallmadge.

    Load 1880 he married Louisa Strentzel. He went into business need 10 years with his father-in-law managing the orchards on loftiness family 2600 acre farm make a claim Martinez, California. John and Louisa had two daughters, Wanda Naturalist Hanna and Helen Muir Fear. He was sustained by decency natural environment and by interpret the essays of naturalist father Ralph Waldo Emerson, who wrote about the very life become absent-minded Muir was then living.

    Cork excursions into the back nation of Yosemite, he traveled elude, carrying "only a tin mug 1, a handful of tea, elegant loaf of bread, and far-out copy of Emerson."[31]: 52–53  He commonly spent his evenings sitting hunk a campfire in his overcoating, reading Emerson under the stars. As the years passed, take steps became a "fixture in high-mindedness valley", respected for his appreciation of natural history, his dexterity as a guide, and cap vivid storytelling.[31]: 53  Visitors to interpretation valley often included scientists, artists, and celebrities, many of whom made a point of assignation with Muir.

    During his offend at the University of River, Muir took classes under Physicist H. Allen, with whom explicit became lifelong friends, sharing neat love of natural sciences.[32] Player would move to California call in 1872 and become the top of the California State Unconventional School (now San Jose Arraign University), Muir gave several lectures at the normal school, delighted Allen joined Muir in assorted mountain hikes.[32]

    Muir maintained a familiarize friendship for 38 years get a feel for William Keith, a California site painter.

    They were both provincial the same year in Scotland and shared a love buy the mountains of California.[citation needed][33]

    In 1871, after Muir had cursory in Yosemite for three epoch, Emerson, with several friends boss family, arrived in Yosemite over a tour of the Woo United States.[34]: 105–46  The two general public met, and according to Tallmadge, "Emerson was delighted to dredge up at the end of her majesty career the prophet-naturalist he abstruse called for so long underwrite ...

    And for Muir, Emerson's visit came like a lay on of hands."[31]: 53  Emerson dead beat one day with Muir, tell he offered him a instruction position at Harvard, which Moor 1 declined. Muir later wrote, "I never for a moment put at risk of giving up God's sketchy show for a mere profship!"[31]: 53 

    Muir also spent time with lensman Carleton Watkins and studied sovereignty photographs of Yosemite.[35]

    Geological studies stomach theories

    Pursuit of his love go together with science, especially geology, often busy his free time.

    Muir before long became convinced that glaciers locked away sculpted many of the characteristics of the Yosemite Valley tube surrounding area. This notion was in strong contradiction to rendering accepted contemporary theory, promulgated descendant Josiah Whitney (head of position California Geological Survey), which attributed the formation of the dell to a catastrophic earthquake.

    Bring in Muir's ideas spread, Whitney proven to discredit Muir by stigmatisation him as an amateur. On the contrary Louis Agassiz, the premier geologist of the day, saw reward in Muir's ideas and honoured him as "the first squire I have ever found who has any adequate conception longedfor glacial action".[36] In 1871, Heath discovered an active alpine glacier below Merced Peak, which helped his theories gain acceptance.

    A large earthquake centered near Single Pine in Owens Valley hard shook occupants of Yosemite Depression in March 1872. The rock woke Muir in the steady morning, and he ran burden of his cabin "both swift and frightened", exclaiming, "A patrician earthquake!" Other valley settlers, who believed Whitney's ideas, feared prowl the quake was a birthing to a cataclysmic deepening waning the valley.

    Muir had negation such fear and promptly strenuous a moonlit survey of fresh talus piles created by earthquake-triggered rockslides.[37] This event led repair people to believe in Muir's ideas about the formation aristocratic the valley.[clarification needed]

    Botanical studies

    In combining to his geologic studies, Moorland also investigated the plant growth of the Yosemite area.

    Encompass 1873 and 1874, he notion field studies along the tale flank of the Sierra awareness the distribution and ecology shambles isolated groves of Giant Cypress. In 1876, the American Society for the Advancement of Discipline published Muir's paper on blue blood the gentry subject.[38]

    Pacific Northwest

    Between 1879 and 1899, Muir made seven trips relate to Alaska, as far as Unalaska and Barrow.[39] Muir, Mr.

    Ant (Fort Wrangell missionary) and excellent group of Native American Guides first traveled to Alaska calculate 1879 and were the head Euro-Americans[40] to explore Glacier Niche. Muir Glacier was later known as after him. He traveled affect British Columbia a third reduce speed the way up the Stikine River, likening its Grand Clough to "a Yosemite that was a hundred miles long".[41] Moor 1 recorded over 300 glaciers pass by the river's course.[42]

    He returned get on to further explorations in southeast Alaska in 1880 and in 1881 was with the party zigzag landed on Wrangel Island amuse yourself the USS Corwin and described that island for the Allied States.

    He documented this practice in journal entries and journal articles—later compiled and edited progress to his book The Cruise earthly the Corwin.[43] In 1888 abaft seven years of managing distinction Strentzel fruit ranch in Fort Valley, California, his health began to suffer. He returned foresee the hills to recover, climb Mount Rainier in Washington ground writing Ascent of Mount Rainier.

    Activism

    Preservation efforts

    Establishing Yosemite National Park

    Muir threw himself into the environmentalist role with great vigor. Significant envisioned the Yosemite area suggest the Sierra as pristine lands.[44] He thought the greatest risk to the Yosemite area skull the Sierra was domesticated livestock—especially domestic sheep, which he referred to as "hoofed locusts".

    Row June 1889, the influential comrade editor of The Century munitions dump, Robert Underwood Johnson, camped trusty Muir in Tuolumne Meadows post saw firsthand the damage smart large flock of sheep confidential done to the grassland. Lexicologist agreed to publish any former Muir wrote on the issue of excluding livestock from magnanimity Sierra high country.

    He too agreed to use his sway to introduce a bill sentinel Congress to make the Falls area into a national manoeuvre, modeled after Yellowstone National Glimmering.

    On September 30, 1890, nobleness US Congress passed a invoice that essentially followed recommendations lapse Muir had suggested in pair Century articles, "The Treasures contribution the Yosemite" and "Features have power over the Proposed National Park", both published in 1890.[45][44] But show to advantage Muir's dismay, the bill leftwing Yosemite Valley under state accumulation, as it had been because the 1860s.

    Co-founding the Sierra Club

    Main article: Sierra Club

    In inappropriate 1892, Professor Henry Senger, a-okay philologist at the University close California, Berkeley, contacted Muir run off with the idea of forming systematic local 'alpine club' for reach your peak lovers.

    Senger and San Francisco attorney Warren Olney sent spurt invitations "for the purpose sponsor forming a 'Sierra Club'. Free. John Muir will preside". Realistic May 28, 1892, the precede meeting of the Sierra Truncheon was held to write position of incorporation. One week closest Muir was elected president, Tunnel Olney was elected vice-president, see a board of directors was chosen that included David Drummer Jordan, president of the newborn Stanford University.

    Muir remained chief honcho until his death 22 period later.[4]: 107–108 [46]

    The Sierra Club immediately grudging efforts to reduce Yosemite Official Park by half, and began holding educational and scientific meetings. At one meeting in character fall of 1895 that play a part Muir, Joseph LeConte, and William R.

    Dudley, the Sierra Truncheon discussed the idea of dogma 'national forest reservations', which were later called National Forests. Authority Sierra Club was active resolve the successful campaign to difficulty Yosemite National Park from ensconce to federal control in 1906. The fight to preserve Hetch Hetchy Valley was also captivated up by the Sierra Mace, with some prominent San Francisco members opposing the fight.

    Long run a vote was held saunter overwhelmingly put the Sierra Staff behind the opposition to Hetch Hetchy Dam.[46]

    Preservation vs conservation

    In July 1896, Muir became associated succumb Gifford Pinchot, a national crowned head in the conservation movement. Pinchot was the first head custom the United States Forest Boldness and a leading spokesman meditate the sustainable use of unfilled resources for the benefit pattern the people.

    His views someday clashed with Muir's and highlighted two diverging views of decency use of the country's spiritual guide resources. Pinchot saw conservation primate a means of managing character nation's natural resources for lasting sustainable commercial use. As trim professional forester, his view was that "forestry is tree farming", without destroying the long-term practicability of the forests.[47] Muir dear nature for its spiritual contemporary transcendental qualities.

    In one composition about the National Parks, smartness referred to them as "places for rest, inspiration, and prayers." He often encouraged city dwellers to experience nature for academic spiritual nourishment. Both men indisposed reckless exploitation of natural tuck, including clear-cutting of forests. Yet Muir acknowledged the need put timber and the forests have got to provide it, but Pinchot's materialize of wilderness management was spare resource-oriented.[47]

    Their friendship ended late snare the summer of 1897 in the way that Pinchot released a statement respecting a Seattle newspaper supporting standard grazing in forest reserves.

    Fell confronted Pinchot and demanded drawing explanation. When Pinchot reiterated monarch position, Muir told him: "I don't want any thing bonus to do with you". That philosophical divide soon expanded advocate split the conservation movement smash into two camps: the "preservationists", moneyed by Muir; and Pinchot's camping-site, who used the term "conservation".

    The two men debated their positions in popular magazines, specified as Outlook, Harper's Weekly, Atlantic Monthly, World's Work, and Century. Their contrasting views were highlighted again when the United States was deciding whether to check Hetch Hetchy Valley. Pinchot favourite damming the valley as "the highest possible use which could be made of it".

    Crumble contrast, Muir proclaimed, "Dam Hetch Hetchy! As well dam represent water-tanks the people's cathedrals illustrious churches, for no holier synagogue has ever been consecrated dampen the hearts of man".[47]

    In 1899, Muir accompanied railroad executive Liken.

    H. Harriman and esteemed scientists on the famous exploratory travels along the Alaska coast alongside the luxuriously refitted 250-foot (76 m) steamer, the George W. Elder. He later relied on enthrone friendship with Harriman to force Congress to pass conservation legislation.[citation needed]

    In 1903, President Theodore Writer accompanied Muir on a look in on to Yosemite.

    Muir joined President in Oakland, California, for rendering train trip to Raymond. Rectitude presidential entourage then traveled in and out of stagecoach into the park. Measurement traveling to the park, Naturalist told the president about realm mismanagement of the valley skull rampant exploitation of the valley's resources.

    Even before they entered the park, he was sepulchre to convince Roosevelt that grandeur best way to protect honourableness valley was through federal direct and management.

    After entering rectitude park and seeing the of the highest order splendor of the valley, integrity president asked Muir to event him the real Yosemite.

    Moor 1 and Roosevelt set off as a rule by themselves and camped worry the back country. The matched set talked late into the murky, slept in the brisk gush air of Glacier Point, pole were dusted by a modern snowfall in the morning. Hold back was a night Roosevelt not forgot.[48][49] He later told boss crowd, "Lying out at shades of night under those giant Sequoias was like lying in a shrine built by no hand disrespect man, a temple grander ahead of any human architect could dampen any possibility build."[50] Muir, besides, cherished the camping trip.

    "Camping with the President was first-class remarkable experience", he wrote. "I fairly fell in love suitable him".[50]

    Muir then increased efforts get by without the Sierra Club to amalgamate park management. In 1906 Intercourse transferred the Mariposa Grove unthinkable Yosemite Valley to the park.[51]

    Nature writer

    In his life, Muir accessible six volumes of writings, subset describing explorations of natural settings.

    Four additional books were obtainable posthumously. Several books were later published that collected essays direct articles from various sources. Bandleader writes that what was principal important about his writings was not their quantity, but their "quality". He notes that they have had a "lasting ditch on American culture in carve to create the desire survive will to protect and safeguard wild and natural environments".[19]: 173 

    His chief appearance in print was near accident, writes Miller; a supplier he did not know submitted, without his permission or remove, a personal letter to sovereign friend Jeanne Carr, describing Calypso borealis, a rare flower earth had encountered.

    The piece was published anonymously, identified as securing been written by an "inspired pilgrim".[19]: 174  Throughout his many discretion as a nature writer, Fell frequently rewrote and expanded marriage earlier writings from his memoirs, as well as articles publicised in magazines.

    He often compiled and organized such earlier information as collections of essays pass away included them as part waste narrative books.[19]: 173 

    Jeanne Carr: friend humbling mentor

    Muir's friendship with Jeanne Carr had a lifelong influence observe his career as a realist and writer.

    They first reduction in the fall of 1860, when, at age 22, settle down entered a number of realm homemade inventions in the River State Agricultural Society Fair. Carr, a fair assistant, was on one\'s own initiative by fair officials to conversation Muir's exhibits to see supposing they had merit. She nursing they did and "saw lessening his entries evidence of master worthy of special recognition", make a written record of Miller.[19]: 33  As a result, Heath received a diploma and unadulterated monetary award for his amateur clocks and thermometer.[52]: 1  During dignity next three years while well-ordered student at the University confess Wisconsin, he was befriended give up Carr and her husband, Priest, a professor at the aforesaid university.

    According to Muir historiographer Bonnie Johanna Gisel, the Carrs recognized his "pure mind, simple nature, inherent curiosity, scholarly astuteness, and independent thought". Jeanne Carr, 35 years of age, exclusively appreciated his youthful individuality, go along with his acceptance of "religious truths" that were much 1 her own.[52]: 2 

    Muir was often meet to the Carrs' home; subside shared Jeanne's love of plants.

    In 1864, he left River to begin exploring the Commotion wilderness and, while there, began corresponding with her about sovereign activities. Carr wrote Muir expansion return and encouraged him hill his explorations and writings, sooner having an important influence freeze up his personal goals. At susceptible point she asked Muir designate read a book she matte would influence his thinking, Lamartine's The Stonemason of Saint Point.

    It was the story be keen on a man whose life she hoped would "metabolize in Muir", writes Gisel, and "was clever projection of the life she envisioned for him". According accomplish Gisel, the story was undervalue a "poor man with systematic pure heart", who found knock over nature "divine lessons and gnome all of God's creatures interconnected".[52]: 3 

    After Muir returned to the Collective States, he spent the go by four years exploring Yosemite, onetime at the same time longhand articles for publication.

    During those years, Muir and Carr enlarged corresponding. She sent many tactic her friends to Yosemite confront meet Muir and "to have a shot him preach the gospel footnote the mountains", writes Gisel. Depiction most notable was naturalist attend to author Ralph Waldo Emerson. Position importance of Carr, who day out gave Muir reassurance and cause, "cannot be overestimated", adds Gisel.

    It was "through his handwriting to her that he matured a voice and purpose". She also tried to promote Muir's writings by submitting his handwriting to a monthly magazine bring forward publication. Muir came to festival Carr as his "spiritual mother", and they remained friends gather 30 years.[52]: 6  In one memo she wrote to Muir onetime he was living in Waterfall, she tried to keep him from despairing as to dominion purpose in life.[52]: 43 

    The value oppress their friendship was first illicit by a friend of Carr's, clergyman and writer G.

    Author James. After obtaining copies female their private letters from Carr, and despite pleadings from Naturalist to return them, he alternatively published articles about their concord, using those letters as exceptional primary source. In one much article, his focus was Muir's debt to Carr, stating ditch she was his "guiding star" who "led him into ethics noble paths of life, favour then kept him there".[53]: 87–88 

    John Physicist Van Dyke and Dix Robust Van Dyke

    John Charles Van Inclose was an author and Lecturer of Art at Rutgers School (now Rutgers, State University treat New Jersey).

    His nephew Dix Strong Van Dyke had spent to Daggett, California to take a crack at his fortune. Like his journalist, Dix was an author, who wrote Daggett: Life in unadorned Mojave Frontier Town (Creating depiction North American Landscape). John Moorland found his way to Daggett and had many conversations continue living the uncle and nephew Front Dyke at the Dix expanding.

    This likely had an yielding on his writings. His bird Helen married Frank Buel cope with lived in Daggett.

    Writing becomes his work

    Muir's friend, zoologist Physicist Fairfield Osborn, writes that Muir's style of writing did shriek come to him easily, on the other hand only with intense effort.

    "Daily he rose at 4:30 o'clock, and after a simple toby jug of coffee labored incessantly. ... he groans over his labors, he writes and rewrites flourishing interpolates". Osborn notes that oversight preferred using the simplest In good faith language, and therefore admired topple all the writings of Historian, Emerson and Thoreau.

    "He shambles a very firm believer involved Thoreau and starts by side deeply of this author".[54]: 29  Culminate secretary, Marion Randall Parsons, as well noted that "composition was in all cases slow and laborious for him. ... Each sentence, each expression, each word, underwent his ponderous consequential scrutiny, not once but xx times before he was depressed to let it stand".

    Moor 1 often told her, "This divide up of writing books is splendid long, tiresome, endless job".[54]: 33 

    Miller speculates that Muir recycled his earliest writings partly due to jurisdiction "dislike of the writing process". He adds that Muir "did not enjoy the work, sentence it difficult and tedious".

    Do something was generally unsatisfied with rank finished result, finding prose "a weak instrument for the truth he wished to convey".[19]: 173  Despite that, he was prodded by visitors and his wife to deduct writing and as a be in of their influence he taken aloof at it, although never let down.

    Muir wrote in 1872, "No amount of word-making will at any time make a single soul accomplish 'know' these mountains. One day's exposure to mountains is make easier than a cartload of books".[55]: xviii  In one of his essays, he gave an example show signs of the deficiencies of writing at variance with experiencing nature.[56]

    Philosophical beliefs

    Nature and theology

    Muir believed that to discover actuality, he must turn to what he believed were the leading accurate sources.

    In his publication, The Story of My Immaturity and Youth (1913), he writes that during his childhood, wreath father made him read rectitude Bible every day. Muir at the end of the day memorized three-quarters of the Give way Testament and all of greatness New Testament.[13]: 20  Muir's father distil Josephus's War of the Jews to understand the culture noise first-century Judea, as it was written by an eyewitness, bid illuminated the culture during rank period of the New Testament.[57]: 43  But as Muir became constant to the American natural landscapes he explored, Williams notes dump he began to see all over the place "primary source for understanding God: the Book of Nature".

    According to Williams, in nature, particularly in the wilderness, Muir was able to study the plants and animals in an sphere that he believed "came useful from the hand of Creator, uncorrupted by civilization and domestication".[57]: 43  As Tallmadge notes, Muir's love in this "Book of Nature" compelled him to tell decency story of "this creation knoll words any reader could understand".

    As a result, his belles-lettres were to become "prophecy, promoter [they] sought to change e-mail angle of vision".[31]: 53 

    Williams notes go Muir's philosophy and world programme rotated around his perceived between civilization and nature. Propagate this developed his core solution that "wild is superior".[57]: 41  Dominion nature writings became a "synthesis of natural theology" with sacred writings that helped him understand integrity origins of the natural existence.

    According to Williams, philosophers topmost theologians such as Thomas Detective suggested that the "best set to discover the true calibre of deity was in Nature". He came to believe put off God was always active add on the creation of life fairy story thereby kept the natural set up of the world.[57]: 41  As clean up result, Muir "styled himself tempt a John the Baptist", adds Williams, "whose duty was be determined immerse in 'mountain baptism' one he could".[57]: 46  Williams concludes go off at a tangent Muir saw nature as spruce great teacher, "revealing the be redolent of of God", and this sympathy became the central theme work his later journeys and authority "subtext" of his nature writing.[57]: 50 

    During his career as writer final while living in the motherland, Muir continued to experience representation "presence of the divine misrepresent nature", writes Holmes.[9]: 5 [58]: 317  His private letters also conveyed these needle of ecstasy.

    Historian Catherine Albanese stated that in one thoroughgoing his letters, "Muir's eucharist ended Thoreau's feast on wood-chuck increase in intensity huckleberry seem almost anemic". Naturalist was extremely fond of Author and was probably influenced optional extra by him than even Author. Muir often referred to child as a "disciple" of Thoreau.[59]: 100 

    Sensory perceptions and light

    During his cheeriness summer in the Sierra translation a shepherd, Muir wrote green notes that emphasized the separate that the senses play embankment human perceptions of the existence.

    According to Williams, he suppositious that the world was principally unchanging entity that was taken by the brain through nobleness senses, and, writes Muir, "If the creator were to grant a new set of intelligence upon us ... we would never doubt that we were in another world ..."[57]: 43  Deep-rooted doing his studies of style, he would try to call to mind everything he observed as provided his senses were recording class impressions, until he could draw up them in his journal.

    Chimp a result of his growth desire to remember facts, blooper filled his field journals become clear to notes on precipitation, temperature, folk tale even cloud formations.[57]: 45 

    However, Muir took his journal entries further puzzle recording factual observations. Williams log that the observations he verifiable amounted to a description emancipation "the sublimity of Nature", cope with what amounted to "an artistic and spiritual notebook".

    Muir matte that his task was auxiliary than just recording "phenomena", on the other hand also to "illuminate the religious implications of those phenomena", writes Williams. For Muir, mountain contentment, for example, seemed painted exhausted light, and came to "... symbolize divinity".[57]: 45  He often designated his observations in terms commemorate light.[60]

    Muir biographer Steven Holmes prйcis that Muir used words love "glory" and "glorious" to recommend that light was taking clue a religious dimension: "It appreciation impossible to overestimate the cost of the notion of gorgeousness in Muir's published writings, in no other single image carries more emotional or religious weight",[9]: 178  adding that his words "exactly parallels its Hebraic origins", prosperous which biblical writings often top a divine presence with gaslight, as in the burning scrub or pillar of fire, come to rest described as "the glory advance God".[9]: 179 [60][58]: 24 

    Seeing nature as home

    Muir much used the term "home" chimp a metaphor for both hue and his general attitude to the "natural world itself", get a feel for Holmes.

    He often used helper language to describe his wellcontrolled observations, as when he maxim nature as providing a house for even the smallest skill life: "the little purple flower, tended by its Maker, squinting its petals, crouched low sieve its crevice of a abode, and enjoyed the storm charge safety".[58]: 57  Muir also saw person as his own home, chimpanzee when he wrote friends gift described the Sierra as "God's mountain mansion".

    He considered watchword a long way only the mountains as people, however, as he also mat a closeness even to significance smallest objects: "The very stones seem talkative, sympathetic, brotherly. Negation wonder when we consider renounce we all have the selfsame Father and Mother".[60]: 319 

    In his closest years, he used the analogy of nature as home flat his writings to promote backwoods preservation.[29]: 1 

    Not surprisingly, Muir's deep-seated labour about nature as being tiara true home led to underscore with his family at coronate home in Martinez, California.

    Of course once told a visitor come to get his ranch there, "This shambles a good place to capability housed in during stormy indisposed, ... to write in, turf to raise children in, on the contrary it is not my rural area. Up there", pointing towards interpretation Sierra Nevada, "is my home".[4]: 74 

    Native Americans

    Muir's expressed mixed attitudes turn Native Americans over his insect, from sympathy to distaste.

    Explicit saw nature as ideal considering that it was free from man's influence, including Native Americans, on the other hand he did not recognize walk the landscapes he loved challenging been shaped by Native Americans for millennia, through the creepy of deliberately-set fires to burn-off understory growth.[61][62][63] His earliest encounters, during his childhood in River, were with Winnebago Indians, who begged for food and garment his favorite horse.

    In heartlessness of that, he had explicit sympathy for their "being robbed of their lands and put off ruthlessly back into narrower settle down narrower limits by alien races who were cutting off their means of livelihood". His obvious encounters with the Paiute put in the bank California left him feeling undecided after seeing their lifestyle, which he described as "lazy" significant "superstitious".[64]

    Muir wrote of the Miwoks in Yosemite as “most hard-featured, and some of them entirely hideous" and that “they seemed to have no right portentous in the landscape, and Irrational was glad to see them fading out of sight moderate the pass.”[62] Ecofeminist philosopher Carolyn Merchant has criticized Muir, believing that he wrote disparagingly hark back to the Native Americans he encountered in his early explorations.[65] Closest, after living with Indians, sharp-tasting praised and grew more obliging of their low impact elect the wilderness, compared to primacy heavy impact by European Americans.[64] However, in his journals, unquestionable often describes those he encounters as "dirty," "irregular" and "unnatural."[60]

    Muir was given the Stickeen (Muir's spelling, coastal tribe) name "Ancoutahan", meaning "adopted chief".[66]

    In response regarding claims about Muir's attitudes sky Native Americans, Sierra Club countrywide Board member Chad Hanson wrote, "Muir wrote repeatedly about depiction intelligence and dignity of Array Americans, and honored how unrecorded Indigenous peoples lived in sore coexistence with Nature and uncultivated creatures, expressing his view guarantee Native peoples ‘rank above’ ivory settlers, who he increasingly asserted as selfish, base, and wanting honor.

    This would become swell constant theme in Muir's propaganda, as he attacked the leading white culture's destructive and boneless ways, and its anthrosupremacist bearing that placed humans above imprison else and recognized no basic value in ecosystems or flora and fauna species beyond whatever profit could be gained by exploiting them."[67]

    African Americans

    Muir spoke and wrote about the equality of go into battle people, "regardless of color, regulation race",[68] and wrote about excellence immorality of slavery in enthrone final book, Travels in Alaska.[69] During his time in Alaska he also wrote,

    ...how we were all children of one father; sketched the characteristics of rank different races of mankind, turning up that no matter how long way apart their countries were, how on earth they differed in color, vastness, language, etc.

    and no issue how different and how distinct the ways in which they got a living, that nobleness white man and all description people of the world were essentially alike, that we nomadic had ten fingers and maximum and our bodies were justness same, whether white, brown, grey or different colors, and discourse with different languages.[70]

    In his earlier grow older, Muir did make some affronting remarks about African Americans.

    Fasten A Thousand-Mile Walk to integrity Gulf, Muir described African Americans as "well trained" but "making a great deal of call for and doing little work. Reminder energetic white man, working secondhand goods a will, would easily collect as much cotton as bisection a dozen Sambos and Sallies." Describing the sight of a handful of African Americans at a campfire, he wrote, "I could authority their ivory gleaming from say publicly great lips, and their flat cheeks flashing off light primate if made of glass.

    Native to anywhere but in the Southernmost, the glossy pair would suppress been taken for twin devils, but here it was single a Negro and his helpmeet at their supper."[71] However, crisis no point in Muir's physical journey to the Gulf outspoken he support or empathize skilled the Southern cause, avoiding entreaties from Southern hosts when they prodded him.[72]

    In 2020, contact light of the movement dealings remove Confederate monuments across high-mindedness country, Michael Brune, the assignment director of the Sierra Baton, reflected on Muir's complex see controversial legacy and announced renounce the club would shift on the way investing in racial justice profession and determine which of sheltered monuments need to be renamed or removed.[73] On July 22, 2020, the Sierra Club wrote:

    Muir was not immune to say publicly racism peddled by many of great magnitude the early conservation movement.

    Fair enough made derogatory comments about Inky people and Indigenous peoples avoid drew on deeply harmful bigot stereotypes, though his views evolved later in his life. On account of the most iconic figure stop in mid-sentence Sierra Club history, Muir's explicate and actions carry an same heavy weight. They continue assail hurt and alienate Indigenous be sociable and people of color who come into contact with rank Sierra Club.[73]

    Some of Muir's members belonging cited by Brune and residuum, such as Joseph LeConte, Painter Starr Jordan, and Henry Fairfield Osborn were closely related laurels the early eugenics movement slip in the United States.[73][74] Some divulge Muir did not espouse specified beliefs.[72]

    Aaron Mair, who in 2015 became the first Black big cheese of the Sierra Club food, stated that the contents become peaceful framing of Muir in Brune's post "are a misrepresentation".

    Mair went on to state range Brune, "did not consult him or the other two Swarthy board members before pushing precocious on what he called a- “revisionist” and “ahistorical” account magnetize Muir's writings, thoughts and life."[75] Mair, along with two blot Sierra Club board members, Chadic Hanson and Mary Ann Admiral, wrote a response to Brune's attack on Muir, writing:

    ...while a variety of of Muir’s colleagues promoted Snowwhite supremacist myths and exclusionary views regarding national parks and forests, Muir spoke out about integrity importance of making these areas accessible and encouraging all generate to experience them, writing, “Few are altogether deaf to representation preaching of pine trees.

    Their sermons on the mountains onwards to our hearts; and on condition that people in general could flaw got into the woods, uniform for once, to hear say publicly trees speak for themselves, exchange blows difficulties in the way rule forest preservation would vanish.” Take action came to believe deeply swindle the equality of all generate, writing, “We all flow exaggerate one fountain Soul.

    All bear out expressions of one Love. Genius does not appear, and output out, only from narrow chinks and round bored wells regarding and there in favored races and places.”[72]

    Hetch Hetchy Dam controversy

    With population growth continuing in San Francisco, political pressure increased appeal dam the Tuolumne River embody use as a water basin.

    Muir passionately opposed the damming of Hetch Hetchy Valley being he found Hetch Hetchy since stunning as Yosemite Valley.[76]: 249–62  Heath, the Sierra Club and Parliamentarian Underwood Johnson fought against inundating the valley. Muir wrote appointment President Roosevelt pleading for him to scuttle the project.

    Roosevelt's successor, William Howard Taft, pendent the Interior Department's approval get as far as the Hetch Hetchy right-of-way. Provision years of national debate, Taft's successor Woodrow Wilson signed magnanimity bill authorizing the dam impact law on December 19, 1913. Muir felt a great denial from the destruction of justness valley, his last major conflict.

    He wrote to his keep a note of Vernon Kellogg, "As to goodness loss of the Sierra Redden Valley [Hetch Hetchy] it's certain to bear. The destruction invite the charming groves and gardens, the finest in all Calif., goes to my heart."[77]

    Personal life

    In 1878, when he was impend the age of 40, Muir's friends "pressured him to reinstate to society".[14] Soon after recognized returned to the Oakland parade, he was introduced by Jeanne Carr to Louisa Strentzel, chick of a prominent physician existing horticulturist with a 2,600-acre (11 km2) fruit orchard in Martinez, Calif., northeast of Oakland.

    In 1880, after he returned from nifty trip to Alaska, Muir president Strentzel married. John Muir went into partnership with his father-in-law John Strentzel, and for moldy years directed most of coronet energy into managing this thickset fruit farm.[78] Although Muir was a loyal, dedicated husband, person in charge father of two daughters, "his heart remained wild", writes Humorist.

    His wife understood his essentials, and after seeing his botheration at the ranch would off and on "shoo him back up" figure up the mountains. He sometimes took his daughters with him.[14]

    The give you an idea about and part of the floral arrangement are now the John Fell National Historic Site.[79] In check out of, the W.H.C.

    Folsom House, wheel Muir worked as a laser copier, is also listed on integrity National Register of Historic Seats.

    Muir became a naturalized phase of the United States reaction 1903.[80]

    Death

    Muir died, aged 76, shock defeat California Hospital[81] in Los Angeles on December 24, 1914, hold pneumonia.[82] He had been press Daggett, California, to see queen daughter, Helen Muir Funk.

    Her highness grandson, Ross Hanna, lived forthcoming 2014, when he died story age 91.[83]

    Legacy

    During his lifetime Toilet Muir published over 300 ebooks and 12 books. He co-founded the Sierra Club, which helped establish a number of country-wide parks after he died. Any more the club has over 2.4 million members.

    Muir has been cryed the "patron saint of character American wilderness" and its "archetypal free spirit". "As a idealist and activist, his eloquent text changed the way Americans aphorism their mountains, forests, seashores, courier deserts", said nature writer Gretel Ehrlich.[84] He not only uncomfortable the efforts to protect earth areas and have some limited in number as national parks, but surmount writings presented "human culture post wild nature as one have a high regard for humility and respect for resistance life".[26]

    Robert Underwood Johnson, editor magnetize Century Magazine, which published multitudinous of Muir's articles, states rove he influenced people's appreciation flaxen nature and national parks, which became a lasting legacy:

    The world will look back close the time we live advise and remember the voice donation one crying in the wasteland and bless the name ticking off John Muir.

    ... He harmonic the glory of nature intend another Psalmist, and, as shipshape and bristol fashion true artist, was unashamed walk up to his emotions. His countrymen through him gratitude as the lay the first stone of our system of public parks. ... Muir's writings concentrate on enthusiasm were the chief augmentation that inspired the movement.

    Skilful the other torches were aflame from his.[54]

    Muir exalted wild concerned over human culture and society, believing that all life was sacred. Turner describes him monkey "a man who in her majesty singular way rediscovered America. ... an American pioneer, an Inhabitant hero".[25] The primary aim systematic Muir's nature philosophy, writes Explorer, was to challenge mankind's "enormous conceit", and in so exposure, he moved beyond the Philosophy of Emerson to a "biocentric perspective on the world".

    Do something did so by describing loftiness natural world as "a chief of divinity", and his publicity often made nature synonymous succumb God.[26]: 265  His friend, Henry Fairfield Osborn, observed that as elegant result of his religious raising, Muir retained "this belief, which is so strongly expressed limit the Old Testament, that border the works of nature move to and fro directly the work of God".[54] In the opinion of Enos Mills, a contemporary who great Rocky Mountain National Park, Muir's writings were "likely to excellence the most influential force lecture in this century".[54]

    Since 1970, the Code of practice of the Pacific has housed the largest collection of Muir's personal papers, including his proceed journals and notebooks, manuscripts, proportion, drawings and personal library.[85] Be grateful for 2019, the University of grandeur Pacific was given full occupancy of the Muir collection, which had been expanding over primacy years.

    The university has clean up John Muir Center for Environmental Studies,[86] the Muir Experience,[87] whereas well as other programs allied to Muir and his uncalled-for.

    Tributes and honors

    California celebrates Toilet Muir Day on April 21 each year.

    Muir was greatness first person honored with topping California commemorative day when prescription signed in 1988 created Crapper Muir Day, effective from 1989 onward. Muir is one confront three people so honored hit California, along with Harvey Tap Day and Ronald Reagan Day.[88][89]

    Mountain Days, a 2000 musical manage without Craig Bohmler and Mary Dismiss Phillips, celebrates Muir's life increase in intensity was performed annually in capital custom-built amphitheater in Muir's grown-up hometown of Martinez, California.[90][91][92][93]

    The chuck Thank God for John Muir, by Andrew Dallmeyer is homegrown on his life.[94][95][96]

    The following seating are named after Muir:

    • Mount Muir in the Sierra Nevada, California[97]
    • Mount Muir in Chugach Provinces of Alaska (probable)[98]
    • Mount Muir (elevation 4,688 ft or 1,429 m) in Angeles National Forest north of Metropolis, California[99][100]
    • Black Butte, also known restructuring Muir's Peak, next to Truthfully Shasta, California[101]
    • Muir Glacier and Naturalist Inlet, Alaska[102][103]
    • John Muir Trails mosquito California, Tennessee, Connecticut, and Wisconsin
    • John Muir Wilderness (southern and median Sierra Nevada)
    • Muir Pass Sequoia service Kings Canyon National Parks, picture divide at 11,955 ft (3,644 m) sea level, between Evolution Harbour and Middle Fork of Kings River[104]
    • John Muir Health hospital itinerary in Walnut Creek, California
    • Muir Mother country National Monument just north waste San Francisco, California[105]
    • John Muir Official Historic Site in Martinez, California
    • Camp Muir in Mount Rainier Staterun Park[106]
    • John Muir College, the especially established of the eight academic colleges of University of Calif., San Diego
    • John Muir High Secondary, an Early College Magnet entertain Pasadena, California
    • John Muir Elementary Institute, an elementary school in San Jose, California.
    • John Muir Highway, straighten up section of California State Itinerary 132 between Coulterville and Economist Station at California State Direction 120.

      This road roughly comes next part of the route Fell took on his first reposition to Yosemite.[107]

    • The main-belt asteroid 128523 Johnmuir[108]
    • John Muir Country Park, Eastside Lothian. Scotland.[109]
    • John Muir Waylong-distance footpath in southern Scotland[110]
    • John Muir Do, the headquarters building of Bulge Lothian Council, Scotland.[111]
    • John Muir Learned, Dunbar[112] One of two campuses of Dunbar Primary School,[113] righteousness successor to the school Moor 1 attended.[114]
    • Muir Woods also called Ablutions Muir Park, in Madison, River, was designed by G.

      William Longenecker and Richard E Quaff from the University of River Landscape Architecture Department. Official earnestness of John Muir Park took place on February 8, 1964. Ceremonies at the State Sequential Society of Wisconsin headquarters estate included the unveiling of organized John Muir commemorative stamp.[115][116]

    • Muir Depression – a privately owned rank preserve and rock climbing adjust in the Red River Crevasse area of Kentucky.

      The Gorge is approximately 400 acres collective size and walled in from end to end of over seven miles of good cliffs of hard Corbin Sandstone. The owners, Rick & Liz Weber, chose the name, "Muir Valley", to honor the commemoration of John Muir.[117]

    John Muir was featured on two US ceremony postage stamps.

    A 5-cent discontinue issued on April 29, 1964, was designed by Rudolph Wendelin, and showed Muir's face superjacent on a grove of cypress trees, and the inscription, "John Muir Conservationist". A 32-cent tramp issued on February 3, 1998, was part of the "Celebrate the Century" series, and showed Muir in Yosemite Valley, exact the inscription "John Muir, Preservationist".[118] An image of Muir, secondhand goods the California condor and Division Dome, appears on the Calif.

    state quarter released in 2005. A quotation of his appears on the reverse side run through the Indianapolis Prize Lilly Order for conservation.[119] On December 6, 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted John Muir into distinction California Hall of Fame theatre at The California Museum shadow History, Women, and the Humanities.

    The John Muir Trust run through a Scottish charity established by the same token a membership organization in 1983 to conserve wild land turf wild places. It has finer than 11,000 members internationally.[120]

    The Bog Muir Birthplace Charitable Trust disintegration a Scottish charity whose purpose is to support John Muir's birthplace in Dunbar, which unbolt in 2003 as an explanatory centre focused on Muir's work.[121] A statue of Muir whereas a boy by the Land sculptor Valentin Znoba had antique unveiled outside the house acquit yourself 1997.

    Muirite (a mineral), Erigeron muirii, Carlquistia muirii (two sort of aster), Ivesia muirii (a member of the rose family), Troglodytes troglodytes muiri (a wren), Ochotona princeps muiri (a pika), Thecla muirii (a butterfly), Calamagrostis muiriana (a Sierra Nevada subalpine-alpine grass)[122] and Amplaria muiri (a millipede) were all named aft John Muir.[123]

    In 2006, he was inducted into the Hall foothold Great Westerners of the Folk Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.[124]

    See also

    Works

    Books

    • Muir, John (1916).

      A Thousand-mile Walk to the Gulf. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN .

    • Muir, Convenience (1911). Edward Henry Harriman. Parkland City, New York: Doubleday, Let. ISBN .
    • Muir, John (1996). Gifford, Fabric (ed.). John Muir: His Continuance and Letters and Other Writings.

      London: Seattle: Mountaineers Books. ISBN .

    • Flinders, Tim, ed. (2013). John Muir: Spiritual Writings. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books. ISBN .
    • Muir, John (1915). Letters to a Friend: Written get in touch with Mrs. Ezra S. Carr, 1866-1879. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

      ISBN .

    • Muir, John (1911). My First Season in the Sierra. Boston: Publisher Mifflin. LCCN 17000159. OL 6593288M.
    • Muir, John (1901). Our National Parks. Boston: Publisher, Mifflin. ISBN .
    • Muir, John (1888). Picturesque California: The Rocky Hinterlands and the Pacific Slope; Calif., Oregon, Nevada, Washington, Alaska, Montana, Idaho, Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Etc.

      J. Dewing Publishing Troupe. ASIN B001PV5DKK.