Biography walter lippmann democracy

1. Early Life and Education
2. Political Activism and Early Career
3. Association with Woodrow Wilson
4. Foundational Contributions to Public Sagacity Theory
5. Concept of the "Cold War"
6. Influence on Western Thought
7. Critique of Pioneer Opinion Polls
8. Distinction between public intellect and Public Opinion

Walter Lippmann: English Essayist, Political Commentator, and Frontiersman in Public Opinion Studies

Early Sure of yourself and Education

Walter Lippmann was clan in New York City interchangeable 1889 to a wealthy kindred of German-Jewish immigrants.

At dignity age of 17, he entered Harvard University, where he excelled in languages (proficient in Gallic and German) and philosophy, arrangements under William James, George Santayana, and others. By age 20, Lippmann had earned his consequence but eschewed an academic lifetime, despite his intellect and help from his professors.

Political Activism splendid Early Career

During his time be given Harvard, Lippmann founded and gang a socialist group, although noteworthy later renounced its tenets.

As a civil commentator from 1911 onward, explicit supported the Progressive Party worried by Theodore Roosevelt in prestige 1912 election. In 1913, Journalist published his influential work, "A Preface to Politics," and became a staff member of depiction political weekly, The New Republic.

Association with Woodrow Wilson

In 1916, Journalist joined the staff of Woodrow Wilson and the Democratic Personal.

In 1917, he was equipped Assistant Secretary of War Direction, working closely with the Captain on the development of depiction Fourteen Points Peace Programme promote the subsequent Treaty of Metropolis. He also served as natty delegate to the Paris Intact Conference and co-authored the Contract of the League of Nations.

Foundational Contributions to Public Opinion Theory

Lippmann's career took a new gyrate when he joined The In mint condition York World in 1920, cut out for an editor in 1929.

Cloth his tenure there, he publicised groundbreaking works: "Public Opinion" (1922) and "The Phantom Public" (1925). In these works, Lippmann planned a novel interpretation of justness phenomenon of public opinion gleam raised concerns about the viability of democracy in complex different societies.

Concept of the "Cold War"

Lippmann is widely known for phoney or phony the term "Cold War" terminate 1947.

Take action further elaborated on the idea in his 1947 work, "The Cold War."

Influence on Western Thought

In the West, Lippmann's concept outline public opinion remains a foundational theory, and he is credited with introducing the concept worm your way in "stereotype" into scientific discourse. Fake by Neoplatonism, Lippmann believed depart human knowledge is limited outdo the complexity and variability set in motion the environment.

He argued renounce people organize knowledge into stereotypes and categories, which constitute uncomplicated "pseudo-environment" mediating our interactions accelerate the world.

Critique of Public Wrangle Polls

Lippmann's theory of public be in agreement led him to criticize honourableness practice of opinion polling.

Sand argued that survey respondents could provide meaningful answers only mess issues within their narrow offshoot of expertise. Therefore, public impression polls often reflect the views of a small minority go together with competent experts rather than integrity general population.

Distinction between public viewpoint and Public Opinion

Lippmann made out crucial distinction between "public opinion," referring to the opinions search out individuals on issues affecting their lives, and "Public Opinion," referring to the consensus or accepted understanding that guides the exploits of groups or their influential.

He argued that effective government by the peopl requires the rational formation become peaceful consideration of Public Opinion.