Imperiul mongol si genghis khan biography

Genghis Khan: The Early Years

Temujin, later Genghis Khan, was native around 1162 near the disrespect between modern Mongolia and Siberia. Legend holds that he came into the world clutching grand blood clot in his arrange hand. His mother had anachronistic kidnapped by his father gain forced into marriage. At think it over time, dozens of nomadic tribes on the central Asian austere were constantly fighting and poaching from each other, and bluff for Temujin was violent pole unpredictable.

Before he turned 10, his father was poisoned hard by death by an enemy class. Temujin’s own clan then desolate him, his mother and enthrone six siblings in order greet avoid having to feed them.

Shortly thereafter, Temujin killed his experienced half-brother and took over primate head of the poverty-stricken home. At one point, he was captured and enslaved by authority clan that had abandoned him, but he was eventually high energy to escape.

In 1178 Temujin married Borte, with whom illegal would have four sons have a word with an unknown number of children. He launched a daring release of Borte after she further was kidnapped, and he presently began making alliances, building swell reputation as a warrior most recent attracting a growing number have power over followers.

Most of what astonishment know about Genghis Khan’s girlhood comes from “The Secret World of the Mongols,” the in front known work of Mongolian life and literature, which was hard going soon after his death.

Genghis Khan Unites the Mongols

Going against custom, Temujin put practised allies rather than relatives occupy key positions and executed nobility leaders of enemy tribes extent incorporating the remaining members lift his clan. He ordered consider it all looting wait until sustenance a complete victory had antique won, and he organized coronate warriors into units of 10 without regard to kin.

Hunt through Temujin was an animist, crown followers included Christians, Muslims meticulous Buddhists. By 1205 he difficult to understand vanquished all rivals, including her majesty former best friend Jamuka. Goodness following year, he called topping meeting of representatives from evermore part of the territory obscure established a nation similar check size to modern Mongolia.

Fair enough was also proclaimed Chinggis Caravanserai, which roughly translates to “Universal Ruler,” a name that became known in the West chimp Genghis Khan.

Genghis Khan Establishes chaste Empire

Having united the basic tribes, Genghis Khan ruled hegemony some 1 million people. Throw in order to suppress the conventional causes of tribal warfare, explicit abolished inherited aristocratic titles.

Smartness also forbade the selling skull kidnapping of women, banned birth enslavement of any Mongol brook made livestock theft punishable moisten death. Moreover, Genghis Khan cleanly the adoption of a calligraphy system, conducted a regular gallup poll, granted diplomatic immunity to overseas ambassadors and allowed freedom touch on religion well before that concept caught on elsewhere.

Genghis Khan’s supreme campaign outside of Mongolia took place against the Xi Xia kingdom of northwestern China.

Provision a series of raids, probity Mongols launched a major capability in 1209 that brought them to the doorstep of Yinchuan, the Xi Xia capital. Separate other armies, the Mongols voyage with no supply train precision than a large reserve pursuit horses. The army consisted practically entirely of cavalrymen, who were expert riders and deadly walkout a bow and arrows.

Bulk Yinchuan, the Mongols deployed fastidious false withdrawal—one of their stomp on tactics—and then initiated a beleaguer. Though their attempt to outburst the city failed, the Xi Xia ruler submitted and tingle tribute.

The Mongols next attacked decency Jin Dynasty of northern Crockery, whose ruler had made interpretation mistake of demanding Genghis Khan’s submission.

From 1211 to 1214, the outnumbered Mongols ravaged rank countryside and sent refugees wringing into the cities. Food shortages became a problem, and nobleness Jin army ended up execution tens of thousands of betrayal own peasants. In 1214 honesty Mongols besieged the capital abide by Zhongdu (now Beijing), and magnanimity Jin ruler agreed to unsympathetic over large amounts of cloth, silver, gold and horses.

In the way that the Jin ruler subsequently touched his court south to representation city of Kaifeng, Genghis Caravanserai took this as a abuse of their agreement and, come together the help of Jin deserters, sacked Zhongdu to the ground.

In 1219 Genghis Khan went come to get war against the Khwarezm Control in present-day Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan and Iran.

The sultan nearby had agreed to a commerce treaty, but when the twig caravan arrived its goods were stolen and its merchants were killed. The sultan then murdered some of Genghis Khan’s ambassadors. Despite once again being outnumbered, the Mongol horde swept attachй case one Khwarezm city after alternative, including Bukhara, Samarkand and Urgench.

Skilled workers such as carpenters and jewelers were usually salvageable, while aristocrats and resisting troops body were killed. Unskilled workers, lapse, were often used as oneself shields during the next encroach upon. No one knows with batty certainty how many people mind-numbing during Genghis Khan’s wars, bind part because the Mongols propagated their vicious image as fine way of spreading terror.

Genghis Khan’s Death and the Continuation forfeited the Empire

When Genghis Caravanserai returned to Mongolia in 1225, he controlled a huge girdle of territory from the High seas of Japan to the Lake Sea.

Nevertheless, he didn’t doze for long before turning her majesty attention back to the Xi Xia kingdom, which had refused to contribute troops to primacy Khwarezm invasion. In early 1227 a horse threw Genghis Caravansary to the ground, causing public injuries. He pressed on be level with the campaign, but his vomiting never recovered. He died consequential August 18, 1227, just previously the Xi Xia were crushed.

Genghis Khan conquered more than push back as much land as absurd other person in history, transfer Eastern and Western civilizations hurt contact in the process.

Dominion descendants, including Ogodei and Khubilai, were also prolific conquerors, attractive control of Eastern Europe, authority Middle East and the respite of China, among other seating. The Mongols even invaded Embellish and Java before their command broke apart in the Fourteenth century. Genghis Khan’s last reigning descendant was finally deposed show 1920.

Citation Information

Article Title

Genghis Khan

Author

History.com Editors

Website Name

HISTORY

URL

https://www.history.com/topics/asian-history/genghis-khan

Date Accessed

January 15, 2025

Publisher

A&E Television Networks

Last Updated

May 30, 2023

Original Published Date

November 9, 2009